The following meticulously researched hierarchy diagrams were created by the Joint security service that consisted of the MI6 and the CIA between 1945 and 31 December 1949.[2]
Overall organisational diagram of all anti-fascist and espionage groups by country
The Schulze-Boysen group in Germany
The Harnack group in Germany
Diagram of the Trepper Group in Belgium
Gurevich group in Belgium between July 1940 to December 1941 in Belgium
The Jeffremov Group, September 1939 - May 1942 in Belgium
The Jeffremov Group, May 1942 - August 1942 in Belgium
The Rote Drei Group in Switzerland
The "Sissy" Group in Switzerland. This group was run by Rachel Dübendorfer
The organisation diagram of the "Long" group run by Georges Blun
The organisation diagram of the "Pakbo" group run by Otto Pünter
The Winterink Group in the Netherlands. It was also known as Group Hilda
The Rote Kapelle in France between 1940 and 1944. This diagrams details the seven networks run by Leopold Trepper.
Group Andre was the 1st espionage group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups. Its purpose was to gather industrial intelligence from enemy wireless communication networks
The Harry Group was the 2nd Group in Leopold Trepper's seven espionage networks. This group collected espionage secrets from French military and political circles, e.g. Vichy, Vichy intelligence Deuxième Bureau and Gaullist circles.
Organisation diagram of the "Professor" as the 3rd group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups. Professor was the alias of Johann Wenzel. The "Artzin" group was the 4th group in the Trepper organisation and was run by Anna Maximovitch who collected intelligence from French clerical and royalist circles. The "Professor" group, run by Basile Maximovitch collected intelligence from German Wehrmacht and White Russian emigrant groups.
The Simex group was the 5th espionage group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups. It managed finances and gathered intelligence from German firms and the German military
The Lyons or Romeo group was the 6th Group in Leopold Trepper's seven espionage networks. Its purpose was to collect intelligence from US and Belgian diplomats.
The 7th Group. In January 1942, Trepper ordered Anatoly Gurevich to travel to Marseilles and establish a new branch office of Simex to enable the recruitment of a new espionage network.[3]
The Ozols and Mithridate were the final espionage network that was activated by Anatoly Gurevich after he and Trepper were captured by the Germans and Gurevich was forced to take part in a playback operation.[4][5]
The French and UK espionage network of Henry Robinson that was taken over by Trepper in September 1941.
Key
If a person was associated with a group, then they are shaded.
If they joined one group and left to join another, perhaps because the first group was disrupted, then the second group is detailed in notes and they are shaded based on the first group.
If they worked for Soviet intelligence and built a group, then they are shaded as Soviet intelligence agents.
Recalled to the Soviet Union in 1938, received the Order of Lenin and released from office. He was then arrested under Soviet law § 436 and sentenced to 15 years at a work education detention camp.
Rue des Atrebates 101, Brussels on 13 December 1941
Death sentence in April 1943
[13] Rita Arnould (née Bloch) became an informer after being captured by the SS in Brussels. She betrayed the Gurevich group in Brussels, forcing many of its members to flee to France and other minor characters to stay hidden. Arnould was, nonetheless, executed on 20 August 1943 at Plötzensee Prison.[14]
Arrested in autumn 1942 and sent to the Eastern Front in 1943
Wounded in 1944 and captured by Soviet forces, but survived the war
Baumann created a now famous painting called Rote Kapelle 1941 ref number Inv-Nr. 1967 LM, now located in the Stadtmuseum in Münster in which he portrays Harro Schulze-Boysen, Walter Küchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher as architects building a bridge away from Nazism.[21]
Mother of Friedrich Beuthke's wife, Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazi's called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[22]
Father of Friedrich Beuthke's wife, Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered.[22]
Hanna Berger (née Johanna Elisabeth Hochleitner-Köllchen)
(1910–1962)
Teacher, director, theatre director
Enabling subversive communist gatherings in her home. KPD member
Schulze-Boysen Group
1942, suspected of preparing to commit high treason and sentenced to two years in concentration camp, but was acquitted after several months on 21 August 1943
Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[22]
Ernst Beuthke
(1903–1943)
No profession, warehouse man. Only son of the Beuthke family who held no profession.[22]
Communist KPD Anti-Fascist fighter in Spain, and Germany fighting the SA. Soviet parachutist.
Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Hid in Charlotte Hundt's home upon arrival.
Arrested with his wife after returning from the USSR and exposing himself in the Little Moscow garden colony.
Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[30]
Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[31]
Richard Beuthke
(1880–1943)
Servant and turner. Father of the Beuthke family.[22]
KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony.
Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.
[32]
Walter Beuthke
(1904–1943)
Precision mechanic. Second eldest son of the Beuthke family.[22]
KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony.
Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[33]
Charlotte Beuthke
(1909–1943)
Communist KPD member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Shot without trial.[22]
Directed small Blun network of six people in Switzerland. Codename Long. Secrets offered by Blun could not match the quality of the Lucy secrets, but still a very important member of the Red Three Group. Survived the war.[9]
Tried to organise the repair of the radio located at Hans Coppi
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 30 January 1943 "for preparation for high treason in a unit with favorability of the enemy and for aiding espionage".
Wife Margarete Böhme was also picked up by the Gestapo and killed.
Anton Börner
Soviet intelligence agent
Soviet parachutist
KPD
Trained as an upholsterer. Captured by the Gestapo upon landing.
Radio experimenter, used own house as communication centre for Hans Coppi
Schulze-Boysen Group
16 September 1942 arrested and sentenced to 10 years. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 21 April 1943 to four years in prison for preparation for high treason. Hitler turned penalty into death sentence.
13 May 1943, strangled with a rope attached to a meathook in Plötzensee Prison
Translation of individual pamphlets and the Die Innere Front newspaper into French
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 11 October 1942
On 3 February 1943 sentenced by the 2nd Reichskriegsgericht to death for the preparation of a high-treasonous enterprise and because of enemy favouritism and executed in Plötzensee Prison.
Mother of Hans Coppi. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Disributing phamplets, later establishing a radio link to the Soviet Union
Harnack group
Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin. On 19 December 1942, the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty
Death penalty 19 December 1942
Introduced to Schulze-Boysen via Heinrich Scheel.[59] Ran the Coro group. Code name Strahlmann.[60]
Hilde Coppi
(1909–1943)
Clerk
KPD
Harnack Group
12 September 1942 in Berlin. On 20 January 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht pronounced the death penalty.
Death penalty on 20 January 1943
Wife of Hans Coppi. Mother of Hans Coppi Jr. (born 27 November 1942)[59]
Kurt Coppi
Harnack Group
12 September 1942 in Berlin
Robert Coppi
(1882–1960)
Painter specialising in lacquer and gilding
KPD
Harnack Group
12 September 1942
Father of Hans Coppi. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Initially never knew anything about the network but was gradually drawn in over many months, eventually becoming a core member.[61]
Denise Corbin
25 November 1942
Fresnes Prison
Wife of Robert Corbin. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Marie Corbin
26 November 1942
Ravensbrück concentration camp.
Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Husband of Hanna Berger, who, although arrested as part of Schulze-Boysen group, escaped in 1944. Both Cremer and Berger survived the war.[63] Cremer had strong contacts with Walter Küchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher
Buntea Crupnic
(1911–2002)
Lawyer
Communist. Provisioned safehouses in the Brussels area and responsible to Elizabeth Depelsenaire.
Jeffremov Group
Survived the war
Code name Irma Salno, Irene Sadnow, Andree, Yvonne[61][64]
Arrived in Germany with Wilhelm Fellendorf in May 1942 and were to provide communication for the von Scheliha group but Harnack heard of their arrival in Hamburg.[76]
Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Hans Coppi who ran the Coro Group
Arrested September 1942
In July 1943 sentenced to six years in prison by the Reichskriegsgericht for assisting to disintegrate the military forces (distributing leaflets). Ender survived the war
Communited gossip from the couturier shop she worked in that was attended by Eve Braun, to Schulze-Boysen. Married Hans Lautenschläger on 14 September 1936. In December 1952, she married civil servant Siegfried Ender,[78][79]
Flicke wrote two books. The second one was called War Secrets in the Ether that described an OKW/Chi intercept station at Lauf.[82] The first and most salient book was on the subject of the Die Rote Kapelle.[83] The information is no longer considered fully accurate and is at times, misleading.[84]
In November 1943 imprisoned by Swiss who picked up his radio by DF-ing it. Released September 1944
Survived the war
Code names:Jim, Alfred, Major Granatow, Alfred Feodorovich Capidus, Alexander Alexandrovich Dymov, John South, Albert Mueller. Worked with Ursula Beurton then Alexander Radó. Had many code names.[85]
One of the most important members of the Shulze-Boysen Group.[86]
Walter Gersmann
(1914–1942)
Gardener
KPD member and Soviet intelligence agent. Soviet parachutist.
Arrested by the Gestapo on 18 or 19 May 1942, the day after parachuting from a plane near the village of Dittau
Executed at the end of 1942
Trained as an agent by the GRU and sent to Europe. Betrayed members of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group after being turned by the Gestapo after almost a year of captivity.[87]
Selma Gessner–Bührer
(1916–1974)
Swiss Soviet agent
Worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova in Switzerland in 1936.
Kriminalrat in AMT, Abteilung II, RSHA. Leading detective in the search for Soviet agents in Belgium and France. Was replaced by Heinz Pannwitz in August 1943 as he was dying of cancer.[89]
Pierre Giraud
(1914–1943)
Trepper Group
December 1942 in Paris
Committed suicide in early 1943 at Fresnes. Husband of Suzanne Giraud.
Custodian of a wireless telegraphy set located in Le Pecq. Worked as a courier transporting documents between the French communists and the Trepper Group.
Trepper Group
Arrested in 1942
Presumably executed in 1942 or 1943
Wife of Pierre Giraud, who was recruited by Léon Grossvogel. Codename was Lucy and worked under the name of Lucienne Giraud, Trepper's connection to the French Communist Party.[89]
After the Red Orchestra was destroyed in Belgium in 1943, transferred to work with Jewish partisans in Brussels. Rescued on 23 April 1945. Survived the war. Founding member of Belgian section of Amnesty International.[96]
Joseph Goldenberg
Arrested in early 1942
Fort Breendonk concentration camp from September 1942 to March 1943, died there on 13 April 1943 following an "interrogation".
KJVD, KPD. Participated in the productions of the illegal paper, Zeitung Neuköllner Sturmfahne
Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group
Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin
Committed suicide the day after his arrest
Had close links with the group around Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster and later had contact with John Sieg. Later pushed for joint actions in the AEG factory amongst workers who were resisting.[103]
In charge of the technical aspects of the producing the AGIS leaflets. Later helped Schulze Boysen organise intelligence.
Schulze Boysen Group
12 September 1942 in Berlin
On 19 December 1942 the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to the death penalty because of preparation for high treason, enemy favour, destruction of the military force and espionage
Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin; released after two weeks.
Daughter of John Graudenz. Also called Karin Reetz after being married.
Silva Graudenz
Schulze Boysen Group
Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin; released after two weeks.
Daughter of John Graudenz
Toni Graudenz
(died 1985)
Press photographer
Schulze-Boysen group
Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin
On the 12 September 1942 in Berlin the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced to three years in prison for listening to enemy transmitter and omission of an advertisement. Survived the war.
Third wife of John Graudenz
Manfred von Grimm
(1911–?)
Long Group
Arrested October 1942
Survived the war. Became the Minister of Cultural Affairs in Lower Saxony.
Codenamed Grau for Rote Drei. Worked for Polish intelligence.[105]
Sent letters to university professors and distributed pamphlets
Harnack group
Avoided the death penalty in 1943 by informing on the Red Orchestra. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 2 February 1943 for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and because of enemy privileges to three years penitentiary
Ran the 1st Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence concerning industry and economy. Responsible for the communications networks of the Trepper Group.
Trepper Group
Arrested in 1943 by Gestapo
Possibly executed in Fresnes Prison, possibly survived the war
Courier between Paris and Brussels and Cutout between Rajchmann and Trepper.
Gurevich Group
Arrested in Brussels on 12 October 1942
Protected by the Sonderkommando, used to discover other agents in Brussels and Paris. In August 1947 in prison in Belgium, later sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in February 1949 by court martial in Brussels, released December 1951.
Wife of Adolf Gruber. Mistress of Abraham Rajchmann, the forger.[108] In 1953, Gruber still engaged in espionage.[108]
Arrested on 10 October 1942 and sentenced to death in February 1943. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 3 February 1943 the death sentence for preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism
Returned to Soviet Union, sent to Lubyanka prison, later deported to labour camp. Rehabilitated in 1990.
Leader of the Gurevich Group. Real name Anatoly Gurevich. Codenames: Kent, Fritz, Arthus Barcza, Simon Urwith, Manolo, Dupuis, Lebrun); see name Table. G. Founded the Simexco company as a cover for intelligence work in Brussels in autumn 1940. Gurevich and Nazarin Drailly were principal stockholders and managing directors.[111][112]
Code name:Cobbler Max. Provided passports for Anna Barbara Müller that eventually reached Henry Robinson. Habjanic used blank forms to create passports and then sent individual copies of each form to various senior police officers who signed them without suspecting what they were.[113]
Communist. House used as a meeting place. Worked on the Die Innere Front (The Internal Front)
Harnack and Schulze-Boysen Groups
Arrested on 21 August 1943. The 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced her on 21 August 1943 to four years in prison. In February 1945, Hahne was able to escape from the women's prison in Cottbus
Assisted her husband in the transmission of WT traffic.
Rote Drei
8 October 1943
Released July 1944. Later sentenced to 7 months in 1947 by a Swiss court.
Code name: Delez, Maud. Wife of Edmond Hamel. When arrested, 129 messages were found in their flat. Received large sums of money from Alexander Radó in 1942 and 1942[117]
Arrested and acquitted on 19 April 1943. In August 1943 he was removed from Wehrmacht and transferred to a penal battalion, the 999th Light Afrika Division. In December 1943 sent to a concentration camp but escaped.
Brought together a discussion circle at home that created the Red Orchestra
Harnack Group
Arrested on 7 September with her husband Arvid Harnack, when a radio message they had sent was read by Referat 12
Initially given six years in prison, but Hitler ordered a new trial and she was sentenced to death on 16 January 1943 by the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. She was executed on the same day.
Mildred Harnack is the only member of the Red Orchestra whose burial site is known.[120]
Arrested on 5 September 1943 by Gestapo. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him on 17 February 1943 for failed high treason to nine months in prison
Passed secret communications from the Abwehr to the Group. Later tried to warn Shulze-Boysen when the GRU spy Johann Wenzel's traffic was deciphered by Referat 12 and Schulze-Boysen was exposed.
Schulze-Boysen Group
On 19 December 1942, the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty
On 22 December 1942, executed by decapitation at Plötzensee Prison. Executed with Harro Schulze-Boysen.
Allowed John Graudenz to elicit information from him.
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 9 October 1942 in Berlin
the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 20 January 1943 "for disobedience in the field and surrendering a state secret", and sentenced to four years.
Treated Jewish patients free of charge. Distribution of pamphlets. Distributed the teachings of Galen, which cited the Aktion T4 that resulted in Hitler stopping the killing of mentally ill patients.
The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht Reichskriegsgericht announced on the 26 January 1943 the death penalty citing "preparation for high treason and enemy favoritism".
Codename Stein, Franz.[130] On 5 August 1942 parachuted into Germany. Sent to establish a WT link to Moscow for the Schulze-Boysen Group, initially from Erika von Brockdorff's apartment and then from Oda Schottmüller apartment.
Agent of the Gurevich Group in Belgium between 1940-1942. Used own apartments for meetings. In early 1942, moved to Simexco to work as a buyer but really as a courier.
Gurevich Group and the Trepper Group
Arrested on 28 December 1942. Repatriated to Belgium on 2 June 1945.
After the war tried to contact former Simexco people.
KPD, worked with the Communist International. Trained as radio operator. Ran a photography shop in his basement to create false documents including passports, set up with KPD money. The unit also built radio transceivers.
Shulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin.
Death penalty on 10 February 1943 "for aiding and abetting the preparation of a highly treacherous enterprise and espionage".
Worked with Adam Kuckhoff, Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg.[126]
Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial house of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Lina Mueller, Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe, one day after their husbands.[137]
In November 1936 and the following March to June 1937 detained at the Moringen concentration camp. 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on 26 January 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company to a 4 years of imprisonment. Captured in 1945 by the Red Army.
On 9 September 1942, Husemann was arrested at this workplace. Sentenced to death on January 26, 1943, for "Preparation to high treason and aid for espionage" and executed at Plötzensee Prison
2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 26 January 1943 for preparation for treason and aiding espionage. Executed on 13 May 1943
Codename Akim. Taught Hans Coppi the radio in 1941.[138]
Collected monies for persecuted fellow citizens. Distributed Soviet radio transmissions. Held illegal meetings in her apartment for the Schulze-Boysen group
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested 18 October 1942. On 30 January 1943, 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to death for favoring the enemy
Gurevich Group then Trepper Group and later Jeffremov Group
Arrested on August 13, 1942 in Brussels
Executed in July 1944 in Plötzensee Prison.
Arrested when Jefremov, who was under German control betrayed him, and tortured for almost a year. Heinz Pannwitz used his name to conduct playbacks, i.e. maintaining the connection to Moscow.[139][140]
Assumed to be Anton Danilov while undercover. Captured at 101 Rue des Atrebates, Brussels[145]
Louis Kapelowitz
(1891–19??)
Czech commercial director
Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company and later director of the subsidiary, the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company
Trepper Group
Survived the war
Kapelowitz's wife, Sarah, was the sister of Leon Grossvogel. Maurice Padawer and Adolf Lerner, directors of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company, were both married to sisters of Louis Kapelowitz.[146]
December 1942 when the Simex people were rounded up.
Disappeared in November 1943. Likely shot without trial
Code names:Andre Dubois, Rene and Le Petit Andre. Assistant to Trepper who betrayed him. He was responsible for liaison between Leon Grossvogel, Henry Robinson and the Simex company.
His brother, Joseph Katz (aka Mayer ben Josef Katz), was part of the Lyon network.[147]
Parachutist. Parachuted into Germany on 23 October 1942 to receive some intelligence from Rudolf von Scheliha and blackmail him if the intelligence was not forthcoming but was arrested within several days.[151]
1941 Deputy Resident of the NKVD in Berlin. Code name was Alexander Erdberg. Erdberg acted as a contact between Moscow and the Harnack and Schulze-Boysen groups in Berlin. Later from 1946 to 1957 Korotkov was deputy Head of foreign intelligence service of the KGB of the USSR[152][153]
2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 18 January 1943, the sentence was revised on 14 September 1944 to five years in prison. Survived the war
Made contact with Shulze-Boysen via John Rittmeister and supported their actions on many occasions.[155] Krauss wrote an anti-fascist novel Die Passionen der halykonischen Seele in 1943.[156] His sentence was commuted from the death penalty to a period in jail after a plea of clemency from his academic friends at the University of Marburg where he was employed.[157]
German machine technician, communist, political writer
Wrote a number of pamphlets
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 16 September 1942
On 6 February 1943, he was sentenced to death by the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War Court for belonging to the resistance organisation. Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison.
German writer, journalist who wrote on communist and marxist philosophies
Produced and collaborated on illegal pamphlets. Also worked on writing the Die Innere Front (The Inner Front)
Harnack Group
12 September 1942, arrested in Prague. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 6 February 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company and for Enemy favorability
5 August 1943, executed at Plötzensee Prison
Also closely affiliated with the Shulze-Boysen Group and considered an important member of both groups. His wife was Greta Kuckhoff.[158][160]
Arrested on 12 September 1942, the same day as her husband.
On 3 February 1943, she was sentenced to death as an accomplice to high treason and [for] failure to report a case of espionage by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. However her sentence was lifted on 4 May 1943, but a second trial on 27 September 1943 resulted in a sentence of ten years at Waldheim Prison where she was liberated by the Red Army in May 1945. Survived the war
Known by the first name as Greta. Husband was Adam Kuckhoff. Important member of the Harnack Group as well.[161][162]
Code name: Ruth Werner, Ursula Beurton, and Ursula Hamburger.[163] Sent to Switzerland during the interwar period to build an intelligence network. Later she became a handler of Klaus Fuchs, couriering intelligence to the Soviet Union from 1943. Considered one of the top Soviet spy's during the post-war period.[164] KPD member.
Arrested in September 1942. On January 27, 1943, she was sentenced to death for aiding and abetting espionage by the 4th Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht.
The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 for decomposition of the military force and preparation for high treason. The death penalty was never carried out.
Married Ina Ender on 14 September 1936.
He and his wife, Ina, appeared as themselves in a 1988 titular documentary-style film directed by Thomas Grimm.[172][173]
Claire Legrand
(?–1944)
Trepper Group
Arrested on 30 November 1942 in Marseille by the Gestapo
In November 1944 sent to Auschwitz concentration camp and executed.
Acquainted with Claude Spaak who procured false papers for her. Unwittingly assisted the escape of Leopold Trepper. Daughter of British Brigadier Tristram Lyon-Smith. She became linked to Gestapo agent, Karl Gagl, a member of Sonderkommando Pannwitz, who wanted to marry her but didn't.[180][181]
Code name: Professor. Provided intelligence from white Russian emigrant groups; also from German Wehrmacht personnel. In a relationship with Margarete Hoffmann-Scholz. Brother of Anna Maximovitch.[186]
Milke was found dead in his cell in Plötzensee Prison
Helped to organise aid for those of were persecuted and supported foreign forced labour.[191]
Juliette Moussier
(1892–?)
Employee of the Confiserie Jacquin, a confectionery manufacturer
PCF member, Courier
Trepper Group
Passed reports from the Trepper Group to the French Communist Party.[192] Later Trepper requested a meeting with Moussier as part of a German playback operation, while he was in custody to prove to Soviet intelligence that he was still free and enable the playback operation to continue, otherwise he would likely have been executed. Instead he managed to pass a long message containing the news that we was exposed along with a large number of people who were captured. Trepper requested that Moscow send a radio message to the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle from the Red Army to indicate that they understood.[193]
Arrested in June 1943 in Freiburg after being enticed in Germany to help her brother.
Sentenced to death but the Swiss intervened and was given 2 year sentenced. Released by the Soviets.
Code name:Anna (Not the Rote Drei Anna in the German Foreign Office). In 1936 worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova. Kept in custody during the Robinson interrogation.[185]
Shot dead without trial in Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Husband was Heinrich Müller. Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943.
Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company from 1924
Trepper Group
Survived the war
Helped establish the forerunner to the Raincoat company known as Le Roi du Caoutchouc. Later director of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat company from 1938 onwards. Gurevich used him to send money to Margarete Barcza' mother in New York. Likely new through Grossvogel that both companies were being used for espionage.[204]
In the last two years of the war, Pannwitz ran the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle, a Gestapo counterintelligence operation against the Red Orchestra espionage network.[207][208]
Jean Passelecq
Travelling salesman
Shareholder in Simexco via his association with Nazarin Drailly. Supplied intelligence to Gurevich
Gurevich Group
Arrested on 25 November 1942 in Brussels and deported to Germany
Liberated in April 1945 and survived the war
After the war was considered by the 1960 NATO Special Committee report to be anti-communist.[209]
Former state attorney who was Captain in the German army, soldier. Abwehr officer.
Abwher III F
After Piepe arrested Johann Wenzel he drove to Berlin from Brussels, eventually talked to Wilhelm Canaris then Wilhelm Keitel of his finding, which led to order by Keitel to form the Gestapo unit, the Sonderkommando Pannwitz.[216]
Erna Plüschke
Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) and other pamphlets
Wife of Heinrich Plüschke
Heinrich Plüschke
(1897–1954)
Machinist
Also participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) and other pamphlets
Worked as a translator in the labour recruitment office of the German Kommandantur in Paris. Stole blank forms from his office for use by Käte Voelkner.
Posted a letter from Schulze-Boysen that contained information about German agents (Staff W) working in the Spanish Civil War.
Schulze-Boysen Group
Contracted pulmonary tuberculosis. Poellnitz died on 15 June 1939 in a sanatorium in Switzerland after travelling there on the advice of Dr Elfriede Paul.[218]
Yvonne Clemence Fanny Poelmans
(1910–?)
Gymnast and masseuse
Sheltered Joseph Blumsack and his wife in June or July 1942 following Germaine Schneider's escape to France
Jeffremov Group
Arrested on 7 January 1943
Code name:Mouni. Both Poelmans and the Blumsacks were betrayed by Franz Schneider.[219]
Employed as an interpreter at a labour recruiting office. Gave blank forms to his partner stolen from his office to enable resistance workers to travel.
Marie Priess was his mother. His brother, Viktor Priess was an intelligence officer with the Red Army and had named his mother's apartment as a safe refuge to use.[226]
Arrested on 15 October 1942 in Hamburg, sentenced to death in October 1944
Survived the war due in her own words: Why I survived - I do not know - I was mislaid so often until I was freed from our 'enemies' who were our friends - our liberators What a day!
Ran the Inpress anti-nazi press agency in Paris before World War II and later became director of the Rote Drei Group
Rote Drei Group
Survived the war
Code names: Dora and Albert. Director of the Rote Drei. Later established the mapping company Geopress in Geneva, that was his cover for espionage work.[232]
Friedrich Radoch
(1903–1943)
Car locksmith
Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends.
Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Emil Becker, Ernst Beuthke, Friedrich Beuthke, Richard Beuthke, Walter Beuthke, Heinrich Mueller on 10 August 1943.[233]
Wally Radoch
(1904–1943)
Saleswomen
Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends.
Wife of Friedrich Radoch. Sister to Charlotte Hundt. Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, Lina Mueller and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943.[234]
Polish career criminal, expert forger and engraver
Provided false papers for the group
Trepper Group
2 September 1942 in Brussels
Detailed in Breendonk prison and agreed to work with Gestapo
Code names: Adam Blanssi, Kartenmann, Arthur Roussel, Fabrikant, Max. Malvina Gruber was his mistress. Introduced by Grossvogel into the Trepper Group. In 1948 sentenced by a military court in Brussels to 12 years in prison for collaborating with the Gestapo[235]
Distributed illegal writings to soldiers in the front and leaflets and pamphlets to the inmates of a military hospital when he was injured
Schulze-Boysen
Arrested on 29 November 1942 in Berlin
Sentenced on 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War announced the death penalty and killed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison
Fiancé was Liane Berkowitz. Became part of the Schulze-Boysen through Ursula Götze, Otto Gollnow, Fritz Thiel and Liane Berkowitz and later Eva Rittmeister and John Rittmeister. Eva was his classmate at the evening school.[237]
Gerda Rehmer
Not arrested
Survived the war
Married name was Gerda Siebert. Only tangentially linked to Rote Kapelle. Sister of Friedrich Rehmer.[126]
Worked with Pannwitz in the Sonderkommando Pannwitz. According to Pannwitz, Reiser was a typical Gestapo type. Reiser and the policeman Henry Piepe arrested Henry Robinson.[240]
Eva Rittmeister
(1917–1942)
German Paediatric nurse, office clerk
Helped Harro Schulze-Boysen to decide to use leaflets and pamphlets to resist the Nazi's.
Schulze-Boysen Group
26 September 1942
On the 12 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to three years in prison for intercepting hostile broadcasters
One of the core members of the Schulze-Boysen Group[241] Has the original idea for Agis leaflets.
Listen to foreign broadcasts that was used to formulate the contents of pamphlets. Collaborated with Shulze-Boysen in the formulation of the Agis leaflets and eventually worked on The concern for Germany's future goes through the people
Schulze-Boysen Group
26 September 1942 in Berlin
2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgerichts Court announced the death penalty on 12 February 1943 "for preparation for high treason and enemy favouritism"
Ran the 2nd Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence from French military and political groups, from the Vichy intelligence, specifically the Deuxième Bureau, from Guallist groups and the central committee of the French Communist Party.
Trepper Group
December 1943. Betrayed by Trepper and arrested by Abwehr Captain Harry Piepe and the Sonderkommando Pannwitz.
Tortured for six months before being moved to Moabit detention centre where he was killed in 1944
Robinson became the section leader for the area of Switzerland, France and Great Britain by 1940-1941 and ran a discrete network of agents in the 1930s. Robinson was forced to transfer his agents to Trepper in December 1940 when the Comintern was dissolved. Robinson considered a Trepper a subordinate and considered him an enemy. When he was arrested, the later famous Robinson Papers were found.[243]
Hid a number of shortwave radio transmitters in his parents' apartment
Schulze-Boysen Group
17 December 1942 and kept in the basement of Gestapo headquarters at Prince Albrecht Street with his hands tied behind his back
Sent to Spandau Prison after two weeks and wasn't released until 26 January 1943. Survived the war.
Had contact with the group through John Graudenz and Helmut Himpel. Provided his neighbours, the Jewish Kuttner family, critical moral and logistical support, risking his own life.[247]
On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty because of enemy favoritism. She was executed on Plötzensee Prison.
Mistress of Henry Robinson. Mother of Leo Schabbel.[250]
Leo Schabbel
Arrested on 11 March 1943
Sentenced by the Reichskriegsgericht to 5 years in prison for knowing the activities of his mother
On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 6 February 1943 the death penalty "for preparation for high treason in a unit with hostility" Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence in preparation for high treason in tate unity with enemy favoritism. Beheaded at Plötzensee Prison.
Replaced Hans Coppi and became very busy as a courier
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on September 16, 1942 in Berlin
On 17 February 1943, Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him for non-disclosure of a crime of treason and treason and enemy privileges to five years penitentiary time. Able to hide the truth from the Gestapo about his activities, thereby saving his life.
KPD member. Communist. Courier, copying documents, using own apartment for meetings.
Harnack Group
Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin
On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her, "because of preparation for high treason", to eight years in prison.
Married to Rudolf Bergtel. Also worked extensively the Schulze-Boysen Group. Wilhelm Guddorf was her contact for both groups. Worked with Philipp Schaeffer who was a librarian.[255]
Arrested in October 1942 by the Gestapo and sent to Fort Breendonk.
Released by the Russians at the end of the war. Survived the war and moved back to Zurich in 1947.
Codenamed Niggi and possibly Chimor, a courier for the Jefremov Group. Husband of Germaine Schneider. Later worked for the Trepper Group. Also had link to the Harnack Group.[257]
Courier to France, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Later courier between the Jeffremov group and Teppers Group in Paris.
Radio operator
Jeffremov Group sub-leader
Arrested on January 31, 1943 in Paris
Imprisoned until 30 November 1944 in Moabit Prison. Survived the war. Died of cancer on 12 November 1945.
Wife of Franz Schneider. Sister of Joséphine and Renee Clais, whom she recruited. Later worked for the Trepper Group, Lyons Group. Codenamed Clais, Pauline, Odette, Papillon and Schmeterling. Trained by Wenzel in radio transmission techniques.[258]
Paul Scholz (Mahlow)
(1882–1976)
Construction contractor
Schulze Boysen Group
Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin
On 30 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him for listening to foreign broadcasters. Scholz received a three-year jail sentence.
Hosted a transmitter in her apartment, although not verified. Distributed pamphlets
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin
On 26 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty for aiding and abetting the preparation of a treasonable enterprise and enemy favouritism.
Loosely associated with the Schulze-Boysen Group.[259]
Published a leaflet called Open Letter to the Eastern Front, helped an escaped prisoner and later housed the parachute agent Albert Hößler in his apartment.
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin
On 19 December 1942, the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence.
Charged in the People's Court for preparation for high treason,favoured by the enemy and war treason. Freed on 14 April 1945 in Bayreuth. Survived the war.
Later worked for several other groups in Berlin[271][272]
Became a high-level official in the Soviet Zone but became disillusioned with the Soviets and so started to pass secrets to the British Strategic Services Unit[274]
Agent and courier for Heinrich Rauch on Simexo business
Gurevich Group
Made a bust of Marshall Philippe Pétain, and later a bust of General Alexander von Falkenhausen. De Soete was an old friend of Guillaume Hoorickx.[275]
Typing and distributing leaflets. Later saved 60 Jewish children. Helped save Leopold Trepper.
Trepper Group
Arrested on 9 November 1943 in Brussels
In January 1944, she was sentenced to death and shot dead in her cell on 12 August 1944.
Initially worked in the French resistance. Heinz Pannwitz wrote a letter to Foreign Minister of the Belgian exile government in London to tell him that his sister-in-law had been taken to Germany for safety.[279][280]
Georgette Savin
(1918–?)
Dealt in black market gold.
Married to German jeweler Hans Mussig who was French agent.[254]
Jean Jaques Spiess
(1916–?)
Parisian Banker, representative of Zurich machine brokers
Communist, Radio operator
Rote Drei
Associate of Alexander Foote. Thought to be code named: Roger.[281]
Ran the 6th Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence to Trepper from US and Belgian diplomats.
Trepper Group
Betrayed by Trepper. Committed suicide in 1942.
Worked as a recruiter and courier between Trepper and Gurevich. Leader of the Lyons Group. Had contacts with Belgian and US diplomats. Group codename was Romeo.[282][283]
On 14 December 1942, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for treason. Sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she died in 1943.
Mistress of Guillaume Hoorickx. Introduced to Hoorickx to Michail Makarov sometime in 1941. Eventually married Hoorickx after the war and lived in Paris.[111]
Wrote illegal leaflets and took part in attaching stickers at the Nazi propaganda exhibition, The Soviet Paradise. Provided food to hidden Jewish families.
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 17 September 1942 in Berlin
On 26 January 1943, the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and enemy favouritism. She was executed in Plötzensee Prison.
Her fiancé was Helmut Himpel and they were both devout Catholics.[287] Considered by the Nazis to be first-degree Jewish mixed-race, meaning after 1941, her existence became increasingly fraught and she was at risk of being murdered.[288]
Louis Thevenet
(1903–?)
Cigarette manufacturer
Arrested in November 1942
Died in prison sometime before April 1943
Uninvolved in the Red Orchestra. Anatoly Gurevich sold the remains of Simexco in July 1942.[289]
On 17 February 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on for military disobedience in coincidence with the disclosure of a state secret to five years in prison.
Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, and Lina Mueller, on 11 August 1943.[296]
Organised resistance groups in a number of German manufacturing plants that became the Uhrig Group. Linked to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through contact with Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg. Also had contact with the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization. Notable for publishing underground paper Informationdienst.[302]
After being released from jail in 1937 contacted his friend Wilhelm Guddorf to make contact with Bernhard Bästlein and Robert Abshagen to create and distribute illegal pamphlets including Organize the revolutionary mass struggle
Arrested on 1 December 1942 in Berlin
On 8 October 1943 the 2nd Senate of the People's Court condemned him to death because of preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism.
Involved in writing and distributing subversive pamphlets
Schulze-Boysen Group
Arrested on 26 September 1942.
Testimony of a cellmate led to the reduction of his sentence from death to 10 years. Saved by the arrival of the Red Army.
Husband of Joy Weisenborn. In 1933, all his plays and books were burnt on the orders of Joseph Goebbels. By 1938 he was publishing so called between-the-lines literature that was indirectly critical of the Nazi regime.[312][313] Also worked with the Harnack Group in resistance activities.
Joy Weisenborn (born Margarete Schnabel)
(1914–2004)
Singer
Arrested on 26 September 1942 along with her husband
Released on 12 April 1942. Survived the war
Wife of Günther Weisenborn, whom she met while staying at the Shulze-Boysens[314]
On the 30 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty For the purpose of assisting in the preparation of high treason in concert with enemy favouritism. Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison.
On 28 May 1943, sentenced to six years in prison by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht for preparation to commit treason at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Saved by the Red Army.
Accidentally exposed the Maximovitch Group as she had a letter from Antonia Lyon-Smith, when she was arrested. The mistress of Leopold Trepper, they had a son together, Patrick De Winter.[319]
Messages sent by the Rote Drei indicate that Wirth was ambitious and had contact with the British, German, Russians and American in pursuit of a post-war position. Two of his intermediaries were Georges Blun and Louis Suss.[321]
Code name:Nelly. Possibly surname called Zijpen. Considered the most important agent for the Jeffremov group.[323]
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