The cohortPolyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no metamorphosis, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.[2] Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).
Taxonomy
Extant
The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:[3]
^Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
^Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (5): 601–622. Bibcode:2014JSPal..12..601P. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.823468. S2CID84407734.