Pushan

Pushan
Pushan
God of meetings, marriages, journeys, roads, cattle
Devanagari	पूषन्
Affiliation	Deva, Adityas
Planet	Sun
Weapon	Golden axe, awl, goad
Mount	Chariot driven by goats
Parents	Aditi and Kashyapa
Consort	Sūryā
Equivalents
Greek equivalent	Pan or Hermes
Roman equivalent	Faunus or Mercury

Pushan (Sanskrit: पूषन्, IAST: Pūṣan) is a Hindu Vedic solar deity and one of the Adityas. He is the god of meeting. Pushan is responsible for marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle. He was a psychopomp (soul guide), conducting souls to the other world. He protected travelers from bandits and wild beasts, and protected men from being exploited by other men. He was a supportive guide, a "good" god, leading his adherents towards rich pastures and wealth.

Etymology

Traditionally, the name of the deity is said to be derived from Sanskrit verb, pūṣyati, which means "to cause to thrive".^[1] Many modern scholars consider Pushan to be derived from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European god *Péh₂usōn,^[2] which would thereby make Pushan a cognate of the Greek god Pan. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first proposed by the German scholar Hermann Collitz in 1924.^[3]

Texts

Ten hymns in the Rigveda are dedicated to Pūṣan (including one jointly to Soma and Pūṣan and another to Indra and Pūṣan).^[4] His chariot is pulled by goats.^[5]^[6] Sometimes he is described as driving the Sun in its course across the sky. He seems to represent the sun as a guardian of flocks and herds. Pushan is also regarded as Kavi, who in turn became an epithet of a number of gods and further a title signifying "king".

He has braided hair and a beard, and carries a golden axe, an awl, and a goad.^[7]^[8] He eats gruel, and in the Shatapatha Brahmana is stated to be toothless. He is married to Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, whom the gods bestowed on him. He is a knower of paths and a guardian of roads.^[5] In this role he protects people from various dangers on roads, such as wolves and ambushers. He is also associated with divine paths, and is familiar with the path between earth and heaven, which allows him lead souls to heaven.^[8] He is invoked to guard cattle, horses, and sheep, and is asked to find those cattle that have been lost.^[6]^[8]

According to a narrative found in the Taittiriya Samhita, Rudra was excluded from the Daksha yajna, an important sacrifice in honor of various deities. He, in anger, pierced the sacrifice with an arrow and broke Pushan's teeth as he attempted to eat a part of the oblation. The later versions of this narrative are found in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and the Puranas. In these versions, Rudra (or Shiva) was angry because his father-in-law, Daksha, the sacrificer, did not invite him. Shiva, in anger, kicked Pushan and knocked out his teeth as he was eating the oblation.^[9] In the Puranic versions, Virabhadra, created by Shiva from a lock of his matted hair, knocked out Pushan's teeth.^[10]

In the Mahabharata and Puranas, Pushan is described as one of the twelve Adityas (Aditi's sons). Aditi's other eleven sons as listed in the Mahabharata are Surya, Aryaman, Tvashta, Savitr, Bhaga, Dhata, Mitra, Varuna, Amsha, Indra and Vishnu (in the form of Vamanadeva).^[5]

Notes

^ Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1917). A Vedic Reader for Students. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press (Oxford). pp. 111–115. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2.
^ H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 1924, pp 574–587.
^ Rigveda I.42, I.138, II.40 (to Soma and Pūṣan), VI.53, VI.54, VI.55, VI.56, VI.57 (to Indra and Pūṣan), VI.58 and X.26. Links direct to the 1896 English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith on sacred-texts.com, which also hosts a Sanskrit version of each hymn.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
^ ^a ^b O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2000). The Rig Veda: An Anthology. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-14-044402-5.
^ Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2015). The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 151, 849–850. ISBN 978-0190633394.
^ ^a ^b ^c Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1897). Vedic Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–37.
^ Dowson, John (1888). A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature (2nd ed.). London: Trübner & Co. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-7661-7589-1. Pushan + Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and John Dowson.
^ Wilkins, W.J. (1900). Hindu Mythology, Vedic, and Puranic (2nd ed.). Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 270.