Sauria

Saurians; Temporal range: Capitanian–Present, 265.8–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	clockwise from top left: Agkistrodon contortrix (the copperhead, a snake), Dinemellia dinemelli (the white-faced buffalo-weaver, a bird), various extinct ornithischian dinosaurs, Chelonia mydas (the green sea turtle), Anurognathus (an extinct pterosaur), and Alligator mississippiensis (the american alligator, a crocodilian)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Neodiapsida
Clade:	Sauria; Macartney, 1802
Groups
	Lepidosauromorpha (includes the tuatara, lizards, snakes, and various extinct taxa); Archelosauria Archosauromorpha (includes crocodilians, dinosaurs (including birds), and various extinct taxa); Pantestudines (includes turtles); ; †Kuehneosauridae; †Choristodera?; †Sauropterygia?; †Ichthyosauromorpha?; †Thalattosauria?;

Sauria is the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of Archosauria (which includes crocodilians and birds) and Lepidosauria (which includes squamates and the tuatara), and all its descendants.^[1] Since most molecular phylogenies recover turtles as more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs as part of Archelosauria, Sauria can be considered the crown group of diapsids, or reptiles in general.^[2] Depending on the systematics, Sauria includes all modern reptiles^[3] or most of them (including birds, a type of archosaur) as well as various extinct groups.^[4]

Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals.^[3] Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards, which before 1800 were considered crocodilians.

Systematics

Genomic studies^[5]^[6]^[7] and comprehensive studies in the fossil record^[8] suggest that turtles are closely related to archosaurs, not to the pre-Saurian parareptiles as previously thought. In a 2018 cladistic analysis, Pantestudines (turtles and close relatives) were placed within Diapsida but outside of Sauria.^[4]

Synapomorphies

The synapomorphies or characters that unite the clade Sauria also help them be distinguished from stem-saurians in Diapsida or stem-reptiles in clade Sauropsida in the following categories based on the following regions of the body.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Cephalad Region
- Dorsal origin of temporal musculature
- Loss of caniniform region in maxillary tooth row
- External nares close to the midline
- Postparietal absent
- Squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull
- The occipital flange of the squamosal is little exposed on the occiput
- Anterior process of squamosal narrow
- Quadrate exposed laterally
- Unossified dorsal process of stapes
- Stapes slender
Trunk Region
- Sacral ribs oriented laterally
- Ontogenetic fusion of caudal ribs
- Trunk ribs mostly single headed
Pectoral Region
- Cleithrum absent
Pelvic Region
- Modified ilium
Limb Region
- Tubular bone lost
- Entepicondylar foramen absent
- Radius as long as ulna
- Small proximal carpals and tarsal
- Fifth distal tarsal absent
- Short and stout fifth or hooked metatarsal
- Perforating foramen of manus lost

However, some of these characters might be lost or modified in several lineages, particularly among birds and turtles; it is best to see these characters as the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian.^[9]

Phylogeny

The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle relationships using both fossil and genetic evidence by M.S. Lee, in 2013. This study found Eunotosaurus, usually regarded as a turtle relative, to be only very distantly related to turtles in the clade Parareptilia.^[8]

†Claudiosaurus

Sauria

Archosauromorpha

Pantestudines

†Eosauropterygia

†Placodontia

†Sinosaurosphargis

†Odontochelys

Testudinata

	†Proganochelys

	Testudines

†Choristodera

†Prolacertiformes

	†Rhynchosauria

	†Trilophosaurus

Archosauriformes

(=Archelosauria)

The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found Eunotosaurus to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a parareptile.^[12]

Sauria

Ankylopoda

†Kuehneosauridae

Lepidosauria

	Rhynchocephalia

	Squamata

Pantestudines

†Sauropterygia

†Eosauropterygia

	†Placodontia

	†Sinosaurosphargis

†Eunotosaurus

†Pappochelys

†Odontochelys

Testudinata

	†Proganochelys

	Testudines

(=Lepidosauromorpha)

Archosauromorpha

The cladogram below follows the analysis of Li et al. (2018). It places turtles within Diapsida but outside of Sauria (the Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade).^[4]

†Parareptilia