Two major cities are located along the Savannah River: Savannah and Augusta, Georgia. They were nuclei of early English settlements during the Colonial period of American history.
The Savannah River is tidal at Savannah proper. Downstream from there, the river broadens into an estuary before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The area where the river's estuary meets the ocean is known as "Tybee Roads". The Intracoastal Waterway flows through a section of the Savannah River near the city of Savannah.
Name
The name "Savannah" comes from a group of Shawnee who migrated to the Piedmont region in the 1680s. They destroyed the Westo and occupied established Westo lands at the Savannah River's head of navigation on the Fall Line. Present-day Augusta developed near there.[5] These Shawnee were called by several variant names, which all derive from their native name, Ša·wano·ki (literally, "southerners").[6] The local variants included Shawano, Savano, Savana, and Savannah.[7]
Another theory is that the name was derived from the English term "savanna", a kind of tropical grassland, which was borrowed by the English from Spanish sabana and used in the colonial southeast. The Spanish word was borrowed from the Taino word zabana.[8] Other theories interpret the name Savannah to have come from Atlantic coastal tribes, who spoke Algonquian languages. These have similar terms meaning "southerner" or perhaps "salt".[9][10]
Historical and variant names of the Savannah River, as listed by the U.S. Geological Survey, include May River, Westobou River (for the Westo tribe), Kosalu River, Isundiga River, and Girande River, among others.[1]
History
Early history
The Westo were thought to have migrated from the northeast, pushed out by the more powerful tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, who had acquired firearms through trade. This migration, beginning in the late 16th century, resulted in the Westo Indians reaching the present area of Augusta, Georgia, in the late 17th century.[citation needed]
The Westo used the river for fishing and water supplies, for transportation, and for trade. They were strong enough to hold off the Spanish colonists making incursions from Spanish Florida. The Carolina Colony needed the Westo alliance during its early years. When Carolinians desired to expand their trade to Charleston, they viewed the Westo tribe as an obstacle. In order to remove the tribe, they sent a group called the Goose Creek Men to arm the Savanna (also known as the Savannah) Indians, a Shawnee tribe, who defeated the Westo in 1680.[citation needed]
Following this, the English colonists renamed the river as the Savannah; it was integral to early development. They founded two major cities on the river during the colonial era: Savannah was established in 1733 as a seaport on the Atlantic Ocean, and Augusta is located where the river crosses the Fall Line of the Piedmont, at the headwaters of the navigable portion of the river downstream to the ocean. The two cities on the Savannah served as Georgia's first two state capitals. In the 19th century, the sandy river channel changed frequently, causing numerous steamboat accidents.
The South Carolina-Georgia border was originally defined in the Treaty of Beaufort in 1787, which, among other things, "[reserved] all islands in [the river] to Georgia". Over time, new islands were created. Some, namely the Barnwell islands, are on the South Carolina side of the original line. In 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the new islands on the South Carolina side of the border belong to South Carolina.[12]
In the 1950s, the Savannah River Plant was constructed across 310 square miles of land on the South Carolina bank the river south of Aiken displacing the residents of several small towns near the Savannah River. The site produced plutonium, tritium, and heavy water for the United States Atomic Energy Commission's nuclear weapons program. The facility is now called the Savannah River Site, and its operator is now the Department of Energy. Three of the site's five production reactors as well as its coal power plant discharged waste heat to the Savannah River via Pen Branch, Steel Creek, and Beaver Creek while two reactors discharged heat to the man made PAR Pond on Lower Three Runs Creek.[14] The Savannah River Plant also produced the majority of the Atomic Energy Commission's heavy water supply by processing water from the Savannah River via the Girdler sulfide process.[15] Heavy water was used as the moderator for the site's production reactors. In 1956 Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines first detected neutrinos with an experiment carried out at the Savannah River Plant P-Reactor.
During their operating lifetimes, the Savannah River Plant's reactors significantly elevated the temperatures several Savannah River tributaries. Since these reactors predate nuclear power generation and were some of the earliest large reactors in the world, this offered unique opportunities for the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory to study the impact of large-scale thermal discharge and other effects of the site's operation. Efforts to remediate the thermal discharge directly to the river, such as the construction of a lake to receive the discharge of L-Reactor [16] and cooling tower to dissipate the discharge of K-Reactor[17] had been recently implemented by the time the reactors were shut down at the end of the Cold War. The Savannah River Site now extracts tritium, but using targets irradiated at the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant in Tennessee, so the heat discharge associated with tritium production is no longer in the Savannah River basin.
The Vogtle Electric Generating Plant was constructed across the river from the Savannah River Plant, with units 1 and 2 completed in mid 1980s and units 3 and 4 completed in the early 2020s. This plant also requires water from the river, but all four units use large natural draft cooling towers to avoid large scale withdrawals or discharge. The McIntosh Combined Cycle Power Plant and Jasper Generating Station are situated further down the Savannah River which provides feed water for the mechanical draft cooling towers for their combined cycle natural gas plants.
Course
The Savannah River flows through a variety of climates and ecosystems during its course. It is considered an alluvial river, draining a 10,577-square-mile (27,390 km2) drainage basin and carrying large amounts of sediment to the ocean. At its headwaters in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the climate is quite temperate. The river's tributaries receive a small amount of snow-melt runoff in the winter. The majority of the river's flow through the Piedmont region is dominated by large reservoirs. Below the Fall Line, the river slows and is surrounded by large blackwater bald cypress swamps. Numerous oxbow lakes mark the locations of old river channels, which have shifted course because of earthquakes and silting.
Another prominent feature are the numerous large bluffs that line the river in some locations. Most notable of these is Yamacraw Bluff, the location selected to build the city of Savannah. The river becomes a large estuary at the coast, where fresh- and saltwater mix. River dredging operations to maintain the Port of Savannah have caused the estuary zone to move further upstream than its historical home. This is causing the rare freshwater marshland to be taken over by saltwater spartina marsh.
The Savannah River Basin in the Southeast region of the U.S. has been experiencing environmental change from anthropocentric activities. The Savannah River has the fourth-highest toxic discharge in the country, according to a 2009 report by Environment America.[18] The conversion of the vegetation cover, including the urban growth, agriculture expansion, and deforestation and reforestation take place throughout the basin, especially near the lakes and tributary waters in the middle and lower Savannah Basin. The continuous change of land use such as the conversion of forest areas to other types of land cover and vice versa can significantly lead to increasing threats to the environmental systems of the region.[19]
The river supports a large variety of native and introduced aquatic species:
The river is one of only four in the southeast with significant populations of Hymenocallis coronaria, the shoals spider-lily. It has three populations in the primary river basin and one each in the tributaries of Stevens Creek in South Carolina and the Broad River in Georgia.[20]
Navigation
Through the building of several locks and dams in the first half of the 20th century (such as the New Savannah Bluff Lock and Dam, completed in 1937 during the Great Depression), and upstream reservoirs like Lake Hartwell, the Savannah River was once navigable by freight barges between Augusta, Georgia (on the Fall Line) and the Atlantic Ocean. Maintenance of this channel for commercial shipping ended in 1979, and the one lock below Augusta has been deactivated.[21]
When a large piece of equipment (a deaerator) needed to be delivered to the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant construction site in 2013, the barge travelled upstream from the Port of Savannah only to the Georgia Power's Plant McIntosh site, near Rincon, Georgia; from there, the cargo was moved by a road transporter.[22]
Crossings
This is a list of crossings of the Savannah River.
^U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National MapArchived March 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed April 26, 2011
^Zurqani, Hamdi A.; Post, Christopher J.; Mikhailova, Elena A.; Mark, Schlautman J.; Sharp, Julia L. (March 29, 2018). "Geospatial analysis of land use change in the Savannah River Basin using Google Earth Engine". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 69. Elsevier: 175–185. Bibcode:2018IJAEO..69..175Z. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.12.006. S2CID21686203.
^[1]Archived September 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Pavey, Rob. New Plant Vogtle parts could require dredging; Augusta Chronicle; September 3, 2009.
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Anak Buangan seri televisi – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Anak Buangan adalah sinetron yang ditayangkan pada tahun 2007 oleh Genta Buana Paramita di Indosiar. Sinetron ini berkisah…
Karin AmatmoekrimBiografiKelahiran25 Desember 1977 (46 tahun)Paramaribo Data pribadiPendidikanUniversitas Amsterdam KegiatanSpesialisasiBelletristic literature (en) dan Dutch literature (en) PekerjaanPenulis Bekerja diDe Correspondent (en) Situs web<span%20class= penicon%20data-bridge-edit-flow=single-best-value> Laman resmi Karin Amatmoekrim (lahir 25 Desember 1976) adalah penulis Belanda kelahiran Suriname. Amatmoekrim beremigrasi ke Belanda pada tahun 1981 dan besar di IJmuiden. Ia mene…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Save. la SaveSava La rivière Save à Kranj. Carte de la Save. la Save sur OpenStreetMap. Caractéristiques Longueur 933 km Bassin 95 720 km2 Bassin collecteur le Danube Débit moyen 1 722 m3/s Cours Source vallée de Planica · Altitude 1 222 m · Coordonnées 46° 29′ 31″ N, 13° 44′ 16″ E Confluence le Danube · Localisation Belgrade · Coordonnées 44° 49′ 27″ N, 20…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Peretti. Ne doit pas être confondu avec l'artiste italien Achille Peretti. Achille Peretti Achille Peretti en 1966. Fonctions Membre du Conseil constitutionnel 4 mars 1977 – 14 avril 1983 (6 ans, 1 mois et 10 jours) Président Roger Frey Prédécesseur Pierre Chatenet Successeur Paul Legatte Président de l'Assemblée nationale 25 juin 1969 – 1er avril 1973(3 ans, 9 mois et 7 jours) Législature IVe (Cinquième République) Pr…
Indian politician Pandit Bishan Narayan Dar (1864 – 19 November 1916) was an Indian politician who served as the President of the Indian National Congress for one term in 1911. Dar belonged to a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family from Lucknow. His uncle Pandit Shambhu Nath was the first Indian Judge of the Calcutta High Court. Dar studied at the Church Mission High School and Canning College in Lahore.[1] Dar went to England where he practised as a lawyer. After his return to India, he j…
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Sekai no Owari (disambiguasi). Sekai no Owari世界の終わりInformasi latar belakangNama lainセカオワ (SekaOwa)AsalTokyo, JepangGenreJ-pop, indie pop, pop rock, alternative rockTahun aktif2007–sekarangLabelLastrum (2009–2010)Toy's Factory (2011–sekarang)Artis terkaitChrysanthemum Bridge, Earth CompanySitus websekainoowari.jpAnggotaFukase (vocals, guitar)Nakajin (leader, producer, guitar)Saori (piano, stage production)DJ Love (DJ, Sound Selection) Sekai no …
Pour les articles homonymes, voir IRM et MRI. L'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) est une technique d'imagerie médicale permettant d'obtenir des vues en deux ou en trois dimensions de l'intérieur du corps de façon non invasive avec une résolution en contraste[1] relativement élevée[a]. L'IRM repose sur le principe de la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN)[2] qui utilise les propriétés quantiques des noyaux atomiques pour la spectroscopie en analyse chimique[b]. L'IRM nécessi…
Questa voce sugli argomenti allenatori di calcio tedeschi e calciatori tedeschi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Torsten Mattuschka Mattuschka con la maglia dell'Union Berlino nel 2013. Nazionalità Germania Altezza 186 cm Peso 83 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex centrocampista) Squadra Altglienicke (Vice) Termine carriera 2014 - giocatore Carriera Giovanili 1985-1988SV Rot-We…
Синеозёрный массивукр. Синьоозе́рний маси́в Вид на район с проспекта Георгия Гонгадзе дома № 4 Город Киев Район Подольский Дата основания 1970-е Почтовые индексы 04208, 04215 Площадь ≈ Ближайшие станции метрополитена «Нивки» «Оболонь» «Сырец» Ближайшие ж.-д. станции Сы…
كثرة اليوزينيات معلومات عامة الاختصاص علم الدم من أنواع أمراض كريات الدم البيض [لغات أخرى]، ومرض التاريخ وصفها المصدر الموسوعة السوفيتية الكبرى [لغات أخرى] تعديل مصدري - تعديل فرط الحمضات أو فَرْط اليوزينيَّات(الحمضات) (بالإنجليزية: Eosinophil…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'attuale diocesi, vedi Diocesi di Würzburg. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento stati scomparsi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Granducato di Würzburg Granducato di Würzburg - LocalizzazioneIl Granducato di Würzburg all'interno della Confederazione de…
Eustache Le Sueur - Kotbah Santo Paulus di Efesus, 1649. Lukisan tersebut menggambarkan buku-buku dengan angka-angka geometri, merujuk kepada Galileo Galilei, yang dikatakan pada 1623 bahwa buku alam ditulis dalam angka-angka matematika.[1] Pembakaran buku di Efesus adalah sebuah peristiwa yang tercatat dalam Kisah Para Rasul 19 dimana para petobat Kristen di Efesus, yang dipengaruhi oleh Santo Paulus, membakar buku-buku sihir mereka. Kis 19 menyatakan Banyak juga di antara mereka, yang …
Reruntuhan di Soluntum Soluntum atau Solus adalah sebuah kota kuno di pesisir Laut Tirenia di Pulau Sisilia dekat komun Santa Flavia, Italia. Di zaman kuno, Soluntum adalah salah satu dari tiga pemukiman utama bangsa Fenisia di pulau itu. Nama Dalam bahasa Punisia, kota itu disebut Kapara (𐤊𐤐𐤓𐤀, kprʾ), yang berarti Desa.[1] Nama Yunani untuk kota ini adalah Solontînos (Σολοντῖνος), yang ditemukan di sekeping uang koin. Namun, dalam berbagai sumber lain kota ini d…
British tabloid newspaper For earlier British newspapers of the same name, see The Sun (1792–1806) and The Sun (1893–1906). Sun on Sunday redirects here. Not to be confused with Sunday Sun. This article may contain excessive or irrelevant examples. Please help improve the article by adding descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. (January 2024) The SunFront page of The Sun, 7 October 2013[1][2]TypeDaily newspaper (and Sunday newspaper from 26 February 2012)Forma…
Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерациисокращённо: Минприроды России Общая информация Страна Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 12 мая 2008 Предшественники Министерство природных ресурсов Российской Федерации (1996—1998)Министерство охраны о…