Abdurrahman Batuhampar, Abdullah Halaban, Muhammad Arsyad Batuhampar, Ahmad Khatib al-Minankabawi, Mukhtar Atarid al-Bughuri, Umar Bajunaid al-Hadrami, Ahmad Shata al-Makki
SheikhSulaiman ar-Rasuli (10 December 1871 – 1 August 1970), known as Inyiak Canduang, was an Indonesian ʿālim and founder of Union of Islamic Education (Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah, PERTI), a kaum tua (traditionalist) Islamic organization from West Sumatra. He was credited for popularizing the famous Minangkabau idiom, adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah (traditions are founded upon the [Islamic] law, and the law founded upon the Qur'an).
Biography
Early life
Sulaiman was born in Candung, Agam on 10 December 1871 to Muhammad Rasul, a local religion teacher, and Siti Buliah. In 1881, he was taught Qur'an by Abdurrahman Batuhampar, a well-known Naqshbandimurshid and grandfather of Mohammad Hatta, in Batuhampar, Lima Puluh Kota. After completed his study in Batuhampar, he visited various ulama in Minangkabau Highlands. One of those was Abdullah Halaban, a scholar who Sulaiman studied various subjects under him.[1]
In 1903, Sulaiman went to Mecca for hajj and Islamic education. He studied under several scholars such as Ahmad Khatib al-Minankabawi, Mukhtar Atarid al-Bughuri, Umar Bajunaid al-Hadrami, Ahmad Shata al-Makki, and others.[2][3] After completed his studies, he returned to Candung and opened a surau in 1908.[4]
Sulaiman ar-Rasuli engaged in several political activities in West Sumatra. The first one was in 1918 when he elected as the head branch of Sarekat Islam in Candung.[6] In 1921, he participated in establishing Ittihad Ulama Sumatera (Union of Sumatran Clerics), a kaum tua organization led by Muhammad Saad Mungka.[7]
In 1928, he transformed his surau into madrasa in order to compete with kaum muda (modernist) schools like Sumatera Thawalib. Together with other kaum tua clerics like Muhammad Jamil Jaho, Abbas Qadhi, and Abdul Wahid Saleh, Sulaiman ar-Rasuli founded Persatuan Madrasah Tarbiyah Islamiyah (Union of Islamic Education School) on 5 May 1928. The organization later changed its name to Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (Union of Islamic Education, PERTI).[8]
During Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, he became one of the founders of Majelis Islam Tinggi (High Islamic Council, MIT), an organization founded by both kaum tua and kaum muda scholars. He was chosen as the Ketua Umum (general chairman) of MIT.[9] In 1943, he became one of the representatives from Minangkabau in conference of ulama in Singapore.[6]
After independence of Indonesia
When PERTI held a congress on 22–24 December 1945 in Bukittinggi, ar-Rasuli approved the plan to transformed PERTI into political party.[10] He also established Lasykar Muslimin Indonesia, a paramilitary wing of PERTI during the national revolution in 1945–1949.[11]
Owing to his experience as a qadi in Candung,[6] he was appointed as the Head of Mahkamah Syariah (Sharia Court) in Central Sumatra on 17 January 1947. He held the position until 1958.[14]
Death
Sulaiman ar-Rasuli died on 1 August 1970 in Candung, Indonesia. He was buried in his madrasa, Madrasah Tarbiyah Islamiyah (MTI) Candung. Harun Zain, Governor of West Sumatra, instructed flags in West Sumatra to be flown at half-mast.[15]
Views
Islam
Sulaiman ar-Rasuli was widely known as one of great scholars among kaum tua in West Sumatra.[16] Some of his well known writings are his commentaries about uṣallī recitation before salah,[17]Quran translations,[18] and Ahmadiyya.[19] Two of his books about Ash'ari creed, Jawāhir al-Kalāmiyyah and Aqwāl al-Marḍiyah, are still regularly taught in MTI Candung.[20]
As a Naqshbandi, he became an ardent defender of the Sufi order. He argued that Naqshbandi dhikr practices and rābiṭah do not violate the sharia.[21][22] On the other hand, he criticized other Sufi master who he considered had violated the Sunni creed and jurisprudence, such as in his conflict with Haji Jalaluddin of PPTI.[23][24]
Minangkabau adat
ar-Rasuli played major role in introducing the relation between Islam and adat. He popularized the idiom adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah (traditions are founded upon the [Islamic] law, and the law founded upon the Qur'an).[25] Six of his writings are related to this theme.[15]
Personal life
Sulaiman ar-Rasuli married 17 times and had 19 children. Three of his children were also Islamic scholars: Baharuddin, Syahruddin, and Muhammad Noer.[26]
Asnan, Gusti (2003). Kamus Sejarah Minangkabau (in Indonesian). Padang: Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Minangkabau. ISBN9799740703.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Chaniago, Hasril (2010). 101 Orang Minangkabau di Pentas Sejarah. Padang: Yayasan Cinta Budaya Indonesia. ISBN978-979-3478-19-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia (2008). Direktori Tokoh Ulama Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kementerian Penerangan Republik Indonesia (1953). Republik Indonesia: Propinsi Sumatera Tengah (in Indonesian). Jakarta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kementerian Penerangan Republik Indonesia (1954). Kepartaian dan Parlementaria Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Kosim, Muhammad (2015). "Syekh Sulaiman al-Rasuli, Tokoh Pendidikan Islam Bercorak Kultural". Turāst: Jurnal Penelitian & Pengabdian UIN Imam Bonjol (in Indonesian). 3 (1): 23–41.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Koto, Alaidin (2012). Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah: Sejarah, Paham Keagamaan, dan Pemikiran Politik 1945-1970 (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. ISBN978-602-425-230-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Latief, Mohammad Sanusi (1988). Gerakan Kaum Tua di Minangkabau (in Indonesian). Jakarta: IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Lembaga Pemilihan Umum (1972). Riwayat Hidup Anggota-Anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Hasil Pemilihan Umum 1971 (in Indonesian). Jakarta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
ar-Rasuli, Sulaiman (1920). Enam Risalah (in Indonesian). Fort de Kock: Drukkerij Agam.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
ar-Rasuli, Sulaiman (1924). Dawā' al-Qulūb fī Qiṣṣah Yūsuf wa Ya'qūb (in Arabic). Fort de Kock: Maṭba‘ah Islāmiyyah.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
ar-Rasuli, Sulaiman (1925). Aqwāl al-Wāsiṭah fī aż-Żikr wa ar-Rābiṭah (in Arabic). Fort de Kock: Maṭba‘ah Islāmiyyah.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
ar-Rasuli, Sulaiman (1927). al-Jawāhir al-Kalāmiyah fī Bayān 'Aqā'id al-Īmāniyah (in Arabic). Fort de Kock: Maṭba‘ah Islāmiyyah.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
ar-Rasuli, Sulaiman (1933). al-Aqwāl al-Marḍiyyah (in Arabic). Fort de Kock: Maṭba‘ah Islāmiyyah.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
van Bruinessen, Martin (2007). "After the Days of Abu Qubays: Indonesian Transformations of the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya". Journal of the History of Sufism. 5: 225–251.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)