The Wedding Banquet

The Wedding Banquet
Theatrical release poster
Chinese name
Chinese喜宴
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXǐyàn
Wade–GilesHsi3 yen4
Directed byAng Lee
Written byAng Lee
Neil Peng
James Schamus
Produced byAng Lee
Ted Hope
James Schamus
Starring
CinematographyJong Lin
Edited byTim Squyres
Music byThierry Schollhammer
Chosei Funahara
Production
companies
Distributed byCentral Motion Picture Corporation (Taiwan)
The Samuel Goldwyn Company (U.S.)
Release dates
  • February 1993 (1993-02) (Berlin)
  • 5 March 1993 (1993-03-05) (Taiwan)
  • 4 August 1993 (1993-08-04) (U.S.)
Running time
106 minutes
CountriesTaiwan
United States[1]
LanguagesMandarin
English
Budget$1 million[2]
Box office$23.6 million[2]

The Wedding Banquet[3] is a 1993 romantic comedy film directed, produced and co-written by Ang Lee. The story concerns a bisexual Taiwanese immigrant man (played by Winston Chao, in his film debut) who marries a mainland Chinese woman (May Chin) to placate his parents (Gua Ah-leh and Lung Sihung) and get her a green card. His plan backfires when his parents arrive in the United States to plan his wedding banquet and he has to hide the truth of his gay partner (Mitchell Lichtenstein). It was a co-production of Lee's Good Machine production company, and the Taiwanese Central Motion Picture Corporation.

Lee's second feature film and his first to get a theatrical release in the United States, The Wedding Banquet premiered at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Golden Bear. It was both a critical and commercial success and won five Golden Horse Awards, including Best Film and Best Director. It received Oscar and Golden Globe nominations for Best Foreign-Language Film, as well as six Independent Spirit Award nominations.

Together with Pushing Hands (1991) and Eat Drink Man Woman (1994), all showing the Confucian family at risk, and all starring the Taiwanese actor Lung Sihung, The Wedding Banquet forms what has been called Lee's "Father Knows Best" trilogy.[4]

In 2023, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

Gao Wai-Tung is a bisexual Taiwanese immigrant happily living in Manhattan with his gay Jewish partner Simon. He has not come out to his traditionally-minded parents who live back in Taiwan and, as he's in his late-20s, they've become eager to see him get married and have a child in order to continue the family line. When his parents hire a dating service, Wai-Tung and Simon stall for time by inventing numerous impossible demands. They demand an opera singer while requesting that she must be 5'9", have two PhDs, and speak five languages. To their shock, the service actually locates a 5'8" Chinese woman who meets all but one of their qualifications; but having only a single PhD instead of two. She is very gracious when Wai-Tung explains his dilemma, as she too is hiding a relationship with a white man from her parents.

At Simon's insistence, Wai-Tung decides to marry one of his tenants, Wei-Wei, a penniless artist from mainland China in need of a green card. Besides helping Wei-Wei, the couple hope that this will placate Wai-Tung's parents. To complicate matters, Mr. and Mrs. Gao announce they will visit. Before the parents arrive, Simon tells Wei-Wei everything she needs to know about Wai-Tung's habits, body, and lifestyle; and the three hastily take down all gay imagery and décor from the house and hang Mandarin calligraphy scrolls in its place.

Mr. and Mrs. Gao arrive bringing gifts and US$30,000 to hold an extravagant wedding for their son, believing he has a wealthy fiancée. Wai-Tung dares not tell his parents the truth, because his father (a retired army officer) has just recovered from a stroke. As a part of the lie, Wai-Tung introduces Simon as his landlord.

The day after his parents arrive, Wai-Tung announces that he and Wei-Wei plan to be married by a Justice of the Peace. However, the heartbreak his mother experiences at the courthouse wedding, both at the arrangement and at the discovery of the low social class of Wei-Wei, moves Wai-Tung to make up for the 'disgraceful' wedding by accepting the offer of a magnificent wedding banquet from Mr. Gao's former batman, who now owns a restaurant and reception hall. After the lavish banquet, a huge party of relatives and friends barges into the bridal suite for an after party and demand that the newlyweds get in bed naked before they will leave. This leads to Wei-Wei's pregnancy. Simon is extremely upset when he finds out, provoking an argument between the two of them and Wei-Wei, and his relationship with Wai-Tung begins to deteriorate.

Mr. Gao suffers another stroke, and in a moment of anger after the fight, Wai-Tung admits the truth to his mother. She is shocked and insists that he not tell his father. However, the perceptive Mr. Gao has seen more than he is letting on, and tells Simon that he knows about their relationship and considers Simon his son as well, appreciating the considerable sacrifices he made to be together with Wei-Tung. Mr. Gao gives Simon a hongbao, a symbolic admission of their relationship, but has Simon promise not to let on to the others that he knows the truth; saying that without the sham marriage, he'd never have a grandchild. While en route to an appointment for an abortion, Wei-Wei decides to keep the baby; and asks Simon to stay together with Wai-Tung and be the baby's father too.

At the airport before the Gaos' flight home, Mr. Gao accepts Simon and warmly shakes his hand and Mrs. Gao bids Wei-Wei a fond farewell before they walk off to board their plane; leaving the unconventional new family to figure themselves out.

Cast

Analysis

Elisabetta Marino, author of "When East Meets West: A Sweet and Sour Encounter in Ang Lee's The Wedding Banquet", wrote that the film suggests that there can be a reconciliation between Eastern and Western cultures, unlike in Amy Tan's novels where the cultural differences are portrayed as irreconcilable.[5] About 60% of the film's dialogue is in Mandarin Chinese.[citation needed] Marino wrote that "after striving to read the subtitles for the first ten or fifteen minutes, one finds oneself so completely absorbed in the flow of the story, in the tones of the several voices, in the gestures and the facial expressions of the actors, that one simply forgets to read and reaches an understanding beyond languages, beyond words, following a plot and, most of all, a set of characters who do not conform to the stereotypical portrayals an American audience would expect." Marino argued that "Lee's creative process and his final choice of two languages, Mandarin Chinese and English, for the movie are in themselves symptomatic of his wish to reach a peaceful coexistence between apparently irreconcilable cultures, without conferring the leading role on either of them."[5]

Production

Development and writing

Neil Peng approached director Ang Lee with the idea behind The Wedding Banquet in 1986 by revealing to Lee that one of their mutual friends had moved to the United States and was in a same-sex relationship without the knowledge of the man's parents.[citation needed] Lee and Peng began writing the screenplay two years later and were soon joined by James Schamus. In the published screenplay version of the film, Schamus wrote that the film was "first drafted in Chinese, then translated into English, re-written in English, translated back into Chinese, and eventually subtitled in Chinese and English and a dozen other languages." The script won a Taiwan state film competition in 1990.[6]

Casting

The Wedding Banquet was the debut film of Winston Chao, whom Ang Lee met on an airline where he was working as a flight attendant. Chao, who had no formal acting training, was reticent to take the part, until Lee agreed to coach him with an acting instructor of his choosing. Chao spent three-to-four hours each day before and during filming in in-depth rehearsals.

Filming

Filming took place entirely on-location in New York City. To keep the budget low, the production used free or public locations, including JFK International Airport, the Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting, Socrates Sculpture Park in Queens, NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, and cast and crew members' homes.[1] The titular banquet scene was shot in the ballroom of a Sheraton Hotel near LaGuardia Airport.

Reception

The Wedding Banquet received positive reviews; on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 96% approval rating based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ang Lee's funny and ultimately poignant comedy of manners reveals the filmmaker's skill across genres."[7] Alan Jones of the Radio Times said, "Sharply observed and never once striking a false note, this sweet-and-sour rib-tickler is a real treat." Roger Ebert wrote, "What makes the film work is the underlying validity of the story, the way the filmmakers don't simply go for melodrama and laughs, but pay these characters their due. At the end of the film, I was a little surprised how much I cared for them."[8]

The worldwide gross of The Wedding Banquet was $23.6 million. The New York Times reported a budget of $750,000.[9] Considering the $1 million budget reported by Variety, the film was also the most financially profitable movie of 1993, when considered in terms of ratios of return, while overall top grosser Jurassic Park only earned a ratio of 13.8 ($914 million earnings on a $60 million budget).[2]

Accolades

Institution Year Category Nominee Outcome
Academy Awards 1993 Best Foreign-Language Film[10] Nominated
Berlin International Film Festival 1993 Golden Bear[11] Ang Lee Won
(tied with Xie Fei for Woman Sesame Oil Maker)
Deauville American Film Festival 1993 Coup de Coeur LTC Won
Critics Award Won
(tied with Bryan Singer for Public Access)
GLAAD Media Awards 1994 Outstanding Film – Limited Release Won
Golden Globe Awards 1994 Best Foreign-Language Film Nominated
Golden Horse Awards 1993 Best Narrative Feature Ang Lee, Ted Hope, James Schamus Won
Best Director Ang Lee Won
Best Original Screenplay Ang Lee, Neil Peng, James Schamus Won
Best Supporting Actor Lung Sihung Won
Best Supporting Actress Gua Ah-leh Won
Best Film Editing Tim Squyres Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards 1994 Best Film Ang Lee, Ted Hope, James Schamus Nominated
Best Director Ang Lee Nominated
Best Screenplay Ang Lee, Neil Peng, James Schamus Nominated
Best Male Lead Mitchell Lichtenstein Nominated
Best Female Lead May Chin Nominated
Best Supporting Female Gua Ah-leh Nominated
New York International Independent Film Festival 1999 Director's Choice Award Ang Lee Won
Seattle International Film Festival 1993 Best Film Won
Best Director Ang Lee Won
Turkish Film Critics Association 1995 Best Foreign Film 19th place

Remake

A remake from director Andrew Ahn starring Lily Gladstone, Kelly Marie Tran and Bowen Yang in the key roles, with supporting parts from Joan Chen and Youn Yuh-jung. Principal photography will take place in Vancouver, British Columbia from May 27, 2024 to June 28, 2024.[12]

Stage adaptations

In December 1993, a novelization of the film, titled Wedding Banquet (ウェディングバンケット, Wedingu Banketto) and published in Japan, was written by Yūji Konno (今野 雄二, Konno Yūji). (ISBN 4-8387-0508-5)[13]

In 2003, the Village Theatre presented a musical staging of the story. It was directed by John Tillinger, choreographed by Sergio Trujillo, with music by Woody Pak and book and lyrics by Brian Yorkey. Yorkey, Village's associate artistic director, said this of the production, "The film succeeds because of Ang Lee's delicate poetry, and there is no way we can replicate that or translate that into a musical. So we took the story a step further. Whereas the film ends very ambiguously, our musical goes on past where the film ends". The show starred Welly Yang as Wai Tung.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The Wedding Banquet (1993)". AFI Catalog. American Film Institute.
  2. ^ a b c Klady, Leonard (11 January 1994). "Dinos are 'Wedding' bridesmaid". Variety. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  3. ^ Chinese: 喜宴; pinyin: Xǐyàn; Wade–Giles: Hsi3 yen4
  4. ^ Dariotis, Wei Ming; Fung, Eileen (1 January 1997). "Breaking the Soy Sauce Jar: Diaspora and Displacement in the Films of Ang Lee". In Lu, Hsiao-peng; Lu, Sheldon H. (eds.). Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-8248-1845-6. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  5. ^ a b Marino, Elisabetta (2005). "When East Meets West: A Sweet and Sour Encounter in Ang Lee's The Wedding Banquet". Postcolonial Text. 1 (2). ISSN 1705-9100. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  6. ^ Pacheco, Patrick (4 August 1993). "Cultural Provocateur: In 'The Wedding Banquet,' Ang Lee Stirs Up Custom". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  7. ^ "The Wedding Banquet (Xi Yan) (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  8. ^ "The Wedding Banquet". rogerebert.com. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  9. ^ Holden, Stephen (4 August 1993). "Review/Film; A Union of Convenience Across a Cultural Divide". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  10. ^ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners". Oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  11. ^ "Prizes & Honours 1993". Berlinale. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  12. ^ Parsad, Sumith (23 April 2024). "Lily Gladstone to Star in The Wedding Banquet Remake". The Cinemaholic. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  13. ^ ウェディングバンケット (新書) [Wedding Banquet] (in Japanese). Magazine House. 1993. ISBN 978-4-8387-0508-5.
  14. ^ Gener, Randy (2003). "Review: Wedding Banquet". American Theatre. 20 (9): 6. ISSN 8750-3255.

Further reading

Read other articles:

AmiiboStandar internasionalKomunikasi jarak dekatDikembangkan olehNintendoDiperkenalkan10 Juni 2014 (2014-06-10)IndustriPermainan videoTipe konektorNirkabelPerangkat keras yang kompektibelWii U GamePadNew Nintendo 3DSNintendo 3DSKisaran fisik< 20 cm (7,9 in) Amiibo (Jepang: アミーボcode: ja is deprecated , Hepburn: Amībo, yang ditulis amiibo) adalah gudang protokol dan komunikasi nirkabel Nintendo, yang menggunakan item-item toys-to-life dan platform permainan Nintendo 3DS…

European fairy tale about a cat This article is about the European fairy tale. For other uses, see Puss in Boots (disambiguation). Puss in BootsIllustration 1843, from édition L. CurmerCountryItaly (1550–1553)France (1697)LanguageItalian (originally)Genre(s)Literary fairy talePublicationPublication typeFairy tale collection Puss in Boots (German: Der gestiefelte Kater; French: Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté; Italian: Il gatto con gli stivali; Dutch: De Gelaarsde Kat) is a European fairy ta…

George Krugers George Krugers (lahir pada tahun 1890 dan meninggal pada tahun 1964) adalah juru kamera dan sutradara film berdarah Indo yang aktif dalam dunia perfilman Hindia Belanda (sekarang Indonesia) selama awal abad ke-20. Dia tercatat telah bekerja dalam dunia film sejak pertengahan tahun 1920-an, dan pada tahun 1927 ia membuat debutnya sebagai sutradara lewat Eulis Atjih. Filmnya Karnadi Anemer Bangkong dianggap sebagai film suara pertama di bioskop Hindia Belanda, tetapi gagal secara ko…

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Karma (disambiguasi). Karma the SeriesGenreDramaPembuatTripar Multivision PlusBerdasarkanKarmaDitulis olehTeam MVPSkenarioTeam MVPSutradaraSridhar JettyPemeranRoy KiyoshiRobby PurbaEvan SandersLagu pembukaKarma, The SpouseLagu penutupKarma Itu Ada, Nicky AstriaPenata musikOya' RezhicoNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim2Jmlh. episode253 (daftar episode)ProduksiProduser eksekutifRaakhee PunjabiGobind PunjabiProduserRaam PunjabiLokasi produksi…

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ما…

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Taxi Driver. A Taxi DriverPoster rilis layar lebarNama lainHangul택시운전사 Hanja택시運轉士 Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanTaeksi Unjeonsa SutradaraJang HoonProduserPark Un-kyoungChoi Ki-supDitulis olehEom Yu-naPemeranSong Kang-hoThomas KretschmannPenata musikJo Yeong-wookSinematograferGo Nak-seonPenyuntingKim Sang-bumKim Jae-bumPerusahaanproduksiThe LampDistributorShowboxTanggal rilis 02 Agustus 2017 (2017-08-02) Durasi137 menitNegaraKorea Se…

جائزة الولايات المتحدة الكبرى 1963 (بالإنجليزية: VI United States Grand Prix)‏  السباق 8 من أصل 10 في بطولة العالم لسباقات الفورمولا واحد موسم 1963 السلسلة بطولة العالم لسباقات فورمولا 1 موسم 1963  البلد الولايات المتحدة  التاريخ 6 أكتوبر 1963 مكان التنظيم نيويورك طول المسار 3.701 كيلومتر …

Wakil Bupati Luwu UtaraPetahanaSuaib Mansursejak 26 Februari 2021KediamanRumah Jabatan Wakil Bupati Luwu UtaraJl. Simpurusiang Masamba No. 27Masa jabatan5 tahunDibentuk2005Pejabat pertamaArifin Junaidi Berikut ini adalah daftar wakil bupati Luwu Utara yang menjabat sejak pembentukannya pada tahun 2005. No Potret Wakil Bupati Mulai menjabat Akhir menjabat Partai Bupati Periode Ref. 1 Arifin Junaidi 2005 2009 Golkar M. Luthfi A. Mutty 2 Lowong 2009 2010 Arifin Junaidi(Pelaksana Tugas) Tidak a…

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Gare de Nîmes-Pont-du-Gard. Nîmes Bâtiment voyageurs et entrée de la gare. Localisation Pays France Commune Nîmes Adresse 1, boulevard Sergent-Triaire30011 Nîmes Cedex Coordonnées géographiques 43° 49′ 57″ nord, 4° 21′ 59″ est Gestion et exploitation Propriétaire SNCF Exploitant SNCF Code UIC 87775007 Site Internet La gare de Nîmes, sur le site de la SNCF Services AVE, TGV inOui, Ouigo, Intercités, TER Occitanie C…

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …

An-Nur, As-SelayPermukimanAn-Nur, As-SelayLocation in the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaKoordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Koordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Negara Arab SaudiPemerintahan • Gubernur Pangeran RiyadhFaisal bin Bandar Al Saud • Wali kotaIbraheem Mohammed Al-SultanKetinggian612 m (2,008 ft)Zona waktuUTC+3 (AST) • Musim pa…

Phinisi PointLokasiSulawesi Selatan, IndonesiaKoordinat5°15′21″48,2°119′39″53AlamatJl. Metro Tanjung Bunga No.2, Panambungan, Mariso, MakassarTanggal dibuka21 April 2017; 7 tahun lalu (2017-04-21)PemilikPhinisi Hospitality IndonesiaArsitekWaykambas Design[1]Jumlah lantai4 Phinisi Point adalah pusat perbelanjaan di Makassar. Mal ini mulai dibangun pada tahun 2015 dan diresmikan pada tanggal 21 April 2017.[2] Kepemilikan mal berada di tangan Phinisi Hospitality Indon…

Historic district in Vermont, United States United States historic placeWeathersfield Center Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district The church in Weathersfield CenterShow map of VermontShow map of the United StatesLocationCenter Rd., Weathersfield, VermontCoordinates43°22′43″N 72°28′5″W / 43.37861°N 72.46806°W / 43.37861; -72.46806Area20 acres (8.1 ha)Built1785 (1785)Architectural styleFederalNRHP r…

Informal term for the top leader in China Supreme leaderSimplified Chinese最高领导人Traditional Chinese最高領導人TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZuìgāo Lǐngdǎorén Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Curr…

Province of Bulgaria 41°39′N 25°22′E / 41.650°N 25.367°E / 41.650; 25.367 Province in BulgariaKardzhali Province Област КърджалиProvinceVarbitsa River Valley FlagLocation of Kardzhali Province in BulgariaCountryBulgariaCapitalKardzhaliMunicipalities7Government • GovernorNikola ChanevArea • Total3,209 km2 (1,239 sq mi)Population (December 2022)[1] • Total142,508 • Density44/km…

Not to be confused with Let It Shine (disambiguation) or Shined on Me. Single by Blind Willie JohnsonLet Your Light Shine on MeSingle by Blind Willie JohnsonRecordedDecember 10, 1929GenreGospel bluesLength3:11LabelColumbia (14490-D)Songwriter(s)Unknown Let Your Light Shine on Me is a traditional gospel blues song, having been recorded by The Wiseman Quartet in 1923, by Ernest Phipps in 1928, and by Blind Willie Johnson in 1929. The song itself is also known as Shine On Me, Let It Shine on Me, Li…

American playwright, librettist and theater director Moss HartHart in 1940Born(1904-10-24)October 24, 1904New York City, U.S.DiedDecember 20, 1961(1961-12-20) (aged 57)Palm Springs, California, U.S.Resting placeFerncliff CemeteryOccupationsPlaywrightlibrettisttheater directorSpouse Kitty Carlisle ​(m. 1946)​Children2RelativesBarney Aaron (great-grandfather) Moss Hart (October 24, 1904 – December 20, 1961) was an American playwright, librettist, and theater dir…

Ferruccio Bellè Informazioni personali Arbitro di Calcio Federazione  Italia Sezione Venezia, Parma Professione commerciante Attività nazionale Anni Campionato Ruolo 1939-1955 Serie A Arbitro Attività internazionale 1951-1955 UEFA Arbitro Premi Anno Premio 1949 Premio Giovanni Mauro Ferruccio Bellè (Lancenigo, 29 novembre 1909 – Borgo Val di Taro, 13 settembre 1969) è stato un arbitro di calcio italiano. Indice 1 Carriera 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Collegamenti esterni Carriera Nato in …

Marg Helgenberger al San Diego Comic-Con 2013 Mary Margaret Helgenberger, detta Marg Helgenberger (Fremont, 16 novembre 1958) è un'attrice statunitense, nota soprattutto grazie all'interpretazione del ruolo di Catherine Willows nella serie televisiva poliziesca CSI - Scena del crimine. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Vita privata 3 Filmografia parziale 3.1 Cinema 3.2 Televisione 3.3 Doppiatrice 4 Riconoscimenti 5 Doppiatrici italiane 6 Note 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Fa parte della …

Medieval castle in Sligo, Ireland Ballymote Castle Irish: Caisleán Bhaile an MhótaCounty Sligo, ConnachtNear Ballymote in IrelandThe castle in the 1790sBallymote CastleLocation in IrelandCoordinates54°5′14.28″N 8°31′14.52″W / 54.0873000°N 8.5207000°W / 54.0873000; -8.5207000TypeNorman castleSite informationOwnerOffice of Public WorksOpen tothe publicNoConditionRuinedSite historyBuilt1300ishBuilt byRichard de BurghIn use1300-Late 17th…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya