Treaty of Labiau

Treaty of Labiau
	Labiau castle
Type	Legal status of the Duchy of Prussia
Signed	20 November 1656
Location	Labiau castle (now Polessk)
Signatories	Charles X Gustav of Sweden; Frederick William I of Brandenburg;
Parties	Swedish Empire; House of Hohenzollern;
Language	Latin

The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden on 10 November (O.S.)^[1] / 20 November (N.S.) 1656 in Labiau (now Polessk). With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia), Charles X Gustav strove to "buy Frederick William's support" in the ongoing Second Northern War.^[2]

Background

When the Second Northern War broke out in 1654, Charles X Gustav of Sweden offered an alliance to Frederick William I, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia.^[3] As the price for this alliance would have been the surrender of the Prussian ports of Pillau (now Baltiysk) and Memel (now Klaipėda) to Sweden, Frederick William I refused and instead signed a defensive alliance with the Dutch Republic in 1655.^[3]

Following Swedish military successes, including an invasion of Prussia,^[4] Frederick William I was forced to take Prussia as a fief from the Swedish king in the Treaty of Königsberg^[5] on 7 January (O.S.) / 17 January (N.S.) 1656.^[6] Before, Frederick William I had held that duchy as a fief of the Polish king.^[5] In Königsberg, the "Great Elector" further had to meet the Swedish demands for Pillau and Memel, promise financial and military aid, and surrender half of the port duties to Sweden.^[4]

On 15 June (O.S.) / 25 June (N.S.) 1656, Charles X Gustav and Frederick William I concluded a formal alliance in the Treaty of Marienburg after Swedish advances in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had stalled.^[7] Sweden offered conquered Polish territories, and Frederick William I went to support Charles X Gustav with his newly formed army in the Battle of Warsaw on 28–30 July, which marked "the beginning of Prussian military history".^[8]

Though victorious, the subsequent entry into the war of the Russian tsar, the Holy Roman Emperor and the Dutch navy left Sweden in an unfavourable condition, and dependent on further Brandenburgian support.^[7] This enabled Frederick William I to raise the price for remaining a Swedish ally, and Charles X Gustav met his demands in the treaty of Labiau.^[8]

Terms

Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg (left) and Charles X Gustav of Sweden (right)

Charles X Gustav granted Frederick William I full souvereignity in the Duchy of Prussia^[7] and Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia).^[5] For his Prussian possessions, Frederick William I was elevated from the status of a duke to a princeps summus & Suverenus.^[9] Article III specifies that this applies also to Frederick William I's successors, who likewise would have the status of principes summi & absoluti Suverenii.^[10]

Sweden further relinquished her rights to collect custom dues in Prussian ports,^[7] in turn, Frederick William I was to satisfy Sweden with 120,000 riksdalers.^[11] A Calvinist himself, he also obliged himself to grant religious freedom to the Lutherans in his Prussian territories, confirming the similar articles IV and XVII of the treaties of Marienburg and Königsberg, respectively.^[6]

In addition to these terms, the treaty also included secret articles: therein, Frederick William I accepted Swedish claims to the Baltic coastal areas between Prussia and Swedish Livonia, namely Courland, Lithuania, Samogitia and Semigallia.^[12]

Consequences

After the treaty, Frederick William I first continued his military support for Charles X Gustav by detaching some forces to join the latter's Polish campaigns in early 1657.^[7] However, after Denmark entered the war and Charles X Gustav left the Polish theater to campaign in Denmark, Frederick William I withdrew his forces from Poland and entrenched them in his Prussian territories.^[7]

When an envoy of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor proposed Polish acceptance of Hohenzollern sovereignty in Prussia in turn for Frederick William I joining the anti-Swedish camp and supporting the Habsburg candidate in the next imperial elections, the "Great Elector" signaled his willingness to change sides.^[2] Thereupon, Polish king John II Casimir concluded the secret^[2] Treaty of Wehlau on 19 September 1657,^[13] wherein the Hohenzollern sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia, but not Ermland, was confirmed^[7] in turn for an "eternal alliance" between Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland^[13] and religious freedom for the Catholics in Prussia.^[6]

The terms of Wehlau was confirmed by the Treaty of Bromberg in November, after which Brandenburg actively campaigned against Sweden.^[14] Frederick William I also gave his vote to the Habsburg candidate, after the emperor on 29 February 1658 agreed to another treaty providing Frederick William I with 10,000 forces to support his campaign in Swedish Pomerania.^[14]

On 18 January 1701, based on the sovereignty of the Prussian duchy, Frederick I of Prussia crowned himself "King in Prussia."^[15]

Sources

References

^ Quaritsch (1986), p. 85
^ ^a ^b ^c Sturdy (2002), p. 215
^ ^a ^b Shennan (1995), pp. 19-20
^ ^a ^b Shennan (1995), p. 20
^ ^a ^b ^c Vierhaus (1984), p. 169
^ ^a ^b ^c Evans (1997), p. 54
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Shennan (1995), p. 21
^ ^a ^b Holborn (1982), p. 57
^ Quaritsch (1986), pp. 85, 86
^ Quaritsch (1986), p. 86
^ Roberts (1988), p. 41
^ Roberts (2003), p. 139
^ ^a ^b Wilson (1998), p. 36
^ ^a ^b Wilson (1998), p. 37
^ Holborn (1982), p. 104

Bibliography

Evans, Malcolm (1997). Religious liberty and international law in Europe. Cambridge studies in international and comparative law. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55021-1.
Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: 1648-1840. A History of Modern Germany. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00796-9.
Quaritsch, Helmut (1986). Souveränität. Entstehung und Entwicklung des Begriffs in Frankreich und Deutschland vom 13. Jh. bis 1806. Schriften zur Verfassungsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 38. Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 3-428-06118-7.
Roberts, Michael (1988). Swedish diplomats at Cromwell's court, 1655-1656: the missions of Peter Julius Coyet and Christer Bonde. Camden fourth series. Vol. 36. Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-86193-117-3.
Roberts, Michael (2003). From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four Studies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52861-5.
Shennan, Margaret (1995). The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12938-9.
Sturdy, David J. (2002). Fractured Europe, 1600-1721. Blackwell history of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20513-6.
Vierhaus, Rudolf (1984). Deutschland im Zeitalter des Absolutismus (1648-1763). Deutsche Geschichte (in German). Vol. 6 (2 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-33504-0.
Wilson, Peter Hamish (1998). German armies. War and German politics, 1648-1806. Warfare and history. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-106-3.