ソネットは時代を通じて(西洋詩で)最も一般的な詩型であり、13世紀頃には14行から成り一式の押韻構成と論理構造に従う詩として成立していた。典型的には、ソネットの最初の4行は「a-b-a-b」の押韻構成を取り、主題を導入する。ソネットに纏わる慣習はその歴史と共に変化し、結果としてさまざまな異なったソネット形式が存在する。伝統的に、英語の詩人はソネットには弱強五歩格を用いる。特にスペンサー風ソネットやシェイクスピア風ソネットが代表的である。ロマンス諸語では、十一音節詩やアレクサンドラン(十二音節詩)が最も広く使用されるメーターであるが、イタリアでは14世紀以降ペトラルカ風ソネットが使用された。ソネットは恋愛詩と特に結び付けられ、鮮明なイメージに基づく詩語を用いることが多かったが、8行から6行へ、及び最後の二行連への移行に伴う転換はまたソネットを数多くの主題にとって使いやすくダイナミックな形式ともした。シェイクスピアの諸ソネットは英詩で最も有名なものの1つであり、20作が『Oxford Book of English Verse』に収められている[53]。
^イブン・ルシュドはアリストテレスの『詩学』の、原典の例文をアラビアの詩人たちのものに置き換えた注釈を著した。 See, for example, W. F. Bogges. 'Hermannus Alemannus' Latin Anthology of Arabic Poetry,' Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1968, Volume 88, 657-70, and Charles Burnett, 'Learned Knowledge of Arabic Poetry, Rhymed Prose, and Didactic Verse from Petrus Alfonsi to Petrarch', in Poetry and Philosophy in the Middle Ages: A Festschrift for Peter Dronke. Brill Academic Publishers, (2001), ISBN 90-04-11964-7.
^ abFor one recent summary discussion, see Frederick Ahl and Hannah M. Roisman. The Odyssey Re-Formed. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, (1996), at 1-26, ISBN 0801483352. Others suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing. See, for example, Jack Goody. The Interface Between the Written and the Oral. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, (1987), at 98, ISBN 0521337941.
^See, for example, Immanuel Kant (J.H. Bernhard, Trans). Critique of Judgment. Dover (2005).
^Dylan Thomas. Quite Early One Morning. New York, New York: New Direction Books, reset edition (1968), ISBN 0811202089.
^John R. Strachan & Richard G. Terry, Poetry, (Edinburgh University Press, 2000). pp119.
^As a contemporary example of that ethos, see T.S. Eliot, "The Function of Criticism" in Selected Essays. Paperback Edition (Faber & Faber, 1999). pp13-34.
^James Longenbach, Modern Poetry After Modernism (Oxford University Press US, 1997). pp9, pp103, and passim.
^pp xxvii-xxxiii of the introduction, in Michael Schmidt (Ed.), The Harvill Book of Twentieth Century Poetry in English (Harvill Press, 1999)
^N.K. Sanders (Trans.). The Epic of Gilgamesh. London, England: Penguin Books, revised edition (1972), at 7-8.
^See, for example, Paul F Grendler. The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, (2004), ISBN 0-8018-8055-6 (for example, page 239) for the prominence of Aristotle and the Poetics on the Renaissance curriculum.
^Christensen, A., Crisafulli-Jones, L., Galigani, G. and Johnson, A. (Eds). The Challenge of Keats. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Rodopi, (2000).
^See, for example, Dylan Thomas's discussion of the poet as creator in Quite Early One Morning. New York, New York: New Directions Press, (1967).
^See, for example, Walton Liz and Christopher MacGowen (Eds.). Collected Poems of William Carlos Williams. New York, New York: New Directions Publications, (1988), or the works of Odysseus Elytis.
^See, for example, T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land, in T. S. Eliot. The Waste Land and Other Poems. London, England: Faber & Faber, (1940)."
^Howell D. Chickering. Beowulf: a Dual-language Edition. Garden City, New York: Anchor (1977), ISBN 0385062133.
^See, for example, John Lazarus and W. H. Drew (Trans.). Thirukkural. Asian Educational Services (2001), ISBN 81-206-0400-8. (Original in Tamil with English translation).
^See, for example, Marianne Moore. Idiosyncrasy and Technique. Berkeley, California: University of California, (1958), or, for examples, William Carlos Williams. The Broken Span. Norfolk, Connecticut: New Directions, (1941).
^Robinson Jeffers. Selected Poems. New York, New York: Vintage, (1965).
^Paul Fussell. Poetic Meter and Poetic Form. McGraw Hill, (1965, rev. 1979), ISBN 0-07-553606-4.
^See, for example, "Yertle the Turtle" in Dr. Seuss. Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories. New York: Random House, (1958), lines from "Yurtle the Turtle" are scanned in the discussion of anapestic tetrameter.
^For a good discussion of hard and soft rhyme see Robert Pinsky's introduction to Dante Alighieri, Robert Pinsky (Trans.). The Inferno of Dante: A New Verse Translation. New York, New York: Farar Straus & Giroux, (1994), ISBN 0374176744; the Pinsky translation includes many demonstrations of the use of soft rhyme.
^Maria Rosa Menocal. The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, (2003), ISBN 0812213246. アイルランドの詩は比較的早くから脚韻を用いており、他のヨーロッパ諸語の押韻の発達に影響した可能性がある。
^See Robert Pinsky's discussion of the difficulties of replicating terza rima in English in Robert Pinsky (trans). The Inferno of Dante: A New Verse Translation. (1994).
^現代詩における視覚空間のさまざまな用例については、E・E・カミングスの作品や、ラ・フォンテーヌの寓話のC.J.Mooreによる詩的翻訳(色とページ配置を用いてマルク・シャガールのイラストレーションを補っている)を参照。Marc Chagall (illust) and C.J. Moore (trans.). Fables of La Fontaine. The New Press, (1977), ISBN 1565844041.
^E.g., "Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night" in Dylan Thomas. In Country Sleep and Other Poems. New York, New York: New Directions Publications, (1952).
^"Villanelle", in W. H. Auden. Collected Poems. New York, New York: Random House, (1945).
^"One Art", in Elizabeth Bishop. Geography III. New York, New York, Farar, Straus & Giroux, (1976).
^Jacques Derrida, Beverly Bie Brahic (Trans.). Geneses, Genealogies, Genres, And Genius: The Secrets of the Archive. New York, New York: Columbia University Press(2006), ISBN 0231139780.
^Hatto, A. T.. Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry (Vol. I: The Traditions ed.). Maney Publishing
Margaret Ferguson, Mary Jo Salter & Jon Stallworthy (Eds). The Norton Anthology of Poetry. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (4th ed, 1996), ISBN 0393968200.
Cleanth Brooks. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. New York, New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, (1947).
William K. Wimsatt, Jr. & Cleanth Brooks. Literary Criticism: A Short History. New York, New York: Vintage Books, (1957).
T. S. Eliot. The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism. London, England: Methuen Publishing, Ltd., (1920).
George Gascoigne. Certayne Notes of Instruction Concerning the Making of English Verse or Ryme[8].
Ezra Pound. ABC of Reading. London, England: Faber, (1951).
Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz. "The Concept of Poetry," translated by Christopher Kasparek, Dialectics and Humanism: the Polish Philosophical Quarterly, vol. II, no. 2 (spring 1975), pp. 13-24.
John Thompson. The Founding of English Meter. New York, New York: Columbia University Press (1961).
言語
Zhiming Bao. The structure of tone. New York, New York: Oxford University Press (1999) ISBN 0-19-511880-4.
Morio Kono. "Perception and Psychology of Rhythm" in Accent, Intonation, Rhythm and Pause. (1997).
Moira Yip. Tone. Cambridge textbooks in linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002) ISBN 0-521-77314-8 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-77445-4 (pbk).
その他
Alex Preminger, Terry V.F. Brogan and Frank J. Warnke (Eds). The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (3rd Ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02123-6.
Bob Williams Williams in una card del 1952. Nazionalità Stati Uniti Football americano Ruolo Quarterback Carriera Giovanili Notre Dame Fighting Irish Squadre di club 1951-1952, 1955 Chicago Bears Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Robert Bob Allen Williams (Cumberland, 2 gennaio 1930 – 26 maggio 2016) è stato un giocatore di football americano statunitense che ha giocato nel ruolo di quarterback per i Chicago Bears della National Football League (NFL). Al colle…
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