Transkrypcja Yale
Transkrypcja Yale – systemy transkrypcji stosowane na Uniwersytecie Yale dla czterech języków: japońskiego, koreańskiego, mandaryńskiego i kantońskiego. System Yale dla języka mandaryńskiego opracowano podczas drugiej wojny światowej, pozostałe w latach 60 i 70.
Obecnie w użyciu pozostaje jedynie system Yale dla języka kantońskiego.
Yale kantoński
Nagłosy (shengmu 声母)
| b [p] |
p [pʰ] |
m [m] |
f [f] |
| d [t] |
t [tʰ] |
n [n] |
l [l] |
| g [k] |
k [kʰ] |
ng [ŋ] |
h [h] |
| j [ts] |
ch [tsʰ] |
s [s] |
|
| gw [kw] |
kw [kʰw] |
y [j] |
w [w] |
Wygłosy (yunmu 韵母)
| a [a] |
aai [ai] |
aau [au] |
aam [am] |
aan [an] |
aang [aŋ] |
aap [ap] |
aat [at] |
aak [ak] |
| ai [ɐi] |
au [ɐu] |
am [ɐm] |
an [ɐn] |
ang [ɐŋ] |
ap [ɐp] |
at [ɐt] |
ak [ɐk] | |
| e [ɛ] |
ei [ei] |
eng [ɛŋ] |
ek [ɛk] | |||||
| i [i] |
iu [iu] |
im [im] |
in [in] |
ing [ɪŋ] |
ip [ip] |
it [it] |
ik [ɪk] | |
| o [ɔ] |
oi [ɔi] |
ou [ou] |
on [ɔn] |
ong [ɔŋ] |
ot [ɔt] |
ok [ɔk] | ||
| u [u] |
ui [ui] |
un [un] |
ung [ʊŋ] |
ut [ut] |
uk [ʊk] | |||
| eu [œ] |
eui [ɵy] |
eun [ɵn] |
eung [œŋ] |
eut [ɵt] |
euk [œk] | |||
| yu [y] |
yun [yn] |
yut [yt] |
||||||
| m [m̩] |
ng [ŋ̩] |
Tony
Trzy z kantońskich tonów, tak zwane tony ru (rusheng 入聲), występują wyłącznie w sylabach kończących się na spółgłoski -p, -t i -k. Kantoński Yale oddaje je za pomocą znaków diakrytycznych i litery h lub, alternatywnie, cyframi od 1 do 6.
| Opis | Yale | Numer tonu | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ton wysoki | sī | sīn | sīk | 1 |
| Ton wysoki opadający, 陰平 | sì | sìn | 1 | |
| Ton średni rosnący, 陰上 | sí | sín | 2 | |
| Ton średni, 陰去 | si | sin | sik | 3 |
| Ton niski opadający, 陽平 | sìh | sìhn | 4 | |
| Ton niski rosnący, 陽上 | síh | síhn | 5 | |
| Ton niski, 陽去 | sih | sihn | sihk | 6 |
Yale koreański
Samogłoski
| ㅏ | ㅓ | ㅗ | ㅜ | ㅡ | ㅣ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | e | o | u/wu | u | i |
| ㅐ | ㅔ | ㅚ | ㅟ | ||
| ay | ey | oy | wi | ||
| ㅑ | ㅕ | ㅛ | ㅠ | ||
| ya | ye | yo | yu | ||
| ㅒ | ㅖ | ||||
| yay | yey | ||||
| ㅘ | ㅙ | ㅝ | ㅞ | ㅢ | |
| wa | way | we | wey | uy |
Spółgłoski
| ㄱ | ㄲ | ㅋ | ㄷ | ㄸ | ㅌ | ㅂ | ㅃ | ㅍ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k | kk | kh | t | tt | th | p | pp | ph | |
| ㅈ | ㅉ | ㅊ | ㅅ | ㅆ | ㅎ | ㄴ | ㅁ | ㅇ | ㄹ |
| c | cc | ch | s | ss | h | n | m | ng | l |
Zobacz też
Linki zewnętrzne
- Tabela porównawcza: yale / pinyin / zhuyin dla języka mandaryńskiego
- Transkrypcje języka kantońskiego
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