寬恕
羅馬皇帝 馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯 饒恕被征服者,現藏于羅馬卡比托利欧博物馆
寬恕 ,或饒恕 、原諒 ,是一種自願行爲,其中行爲人(即受害者)放棄針對加害方的消極感情(復仇 等),甚至還能為對方祝好[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] 。相較之下,赦免 則是由特定的社會代表(如法官 )宣佈不再追究加害方的責任,未必代表受害人的主觀意見[ 2] 。但在法律上寬恕實際也有效力,如債權人可借此放棄對借債者的追究[ 4] [ 5] 。寬恕常被視為一種美德 ,宗教學 、心理學 和社會學 等學科會研究其作用及原理。
研究
亲密关系 中與寬恕近似的情感
心理學上尚未對寬恕的定義達成一致,不過最起碼它是一個延續的“過程”,同時心理學家已經提出了一系列描述此過程的模型[ 6] 。此外還有研究注重寬恕程度在人際間的差異,如神經質 和易怒的人即使在很長一段時間之後也很難原諒加害者,甚至會籌劃報復行爲[ 7] 。
而容易原諒別人的人通常活得更加開心、健康[ 8] 。有研究顯示這類人的循環系統 及神經系統 都比不容易原諒他人者更加健康[ 9] [ 10] 。斯坦福大學 的弗雷德·拉斯金(Fred Luskin)博士發現可以通過學習使得人更加寬容,從而更加健康[ 11] [ 12] 。
相關條目
参考文献
^ Graham, Michael C. Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment. Outskirts Press. 2014: 268. ISBN 978-1-4787-2259-5 .
^ 2.0 2.1 American Psychological Association. Forgiveness: A Sampling of Research Results. (PDF) . 2006 [2009-02-07 ] . (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于2011-06-26).
^ What Is Forgiveness? (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) The Greater Good Science Center, University of California, Berkeley
^ DEBT FORGIVENESS (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) OECD, Glossary of Statistical Terms (2001)
^ Loan Forgiveness (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) Glossary, US Department of Education
^ Cordova, J., Cautilli, J., Simon, C. & Axelrod-Sabtig, R (2006). Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy. IJBCT, 2(2), Pg. 192 BAO 互联网档案馆 的存檔 ,存档日期2008-03-09.
^ Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Day, L., Kon, T. W. H., Colley, A., and Linley, P. A. (2008). Personality predictors of levels of forgiveness two and a half years after the transgression. (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1088-1094.
^ Forgiving (Campaign for Forgiveness Research) . 2006 [2006-06-19 ] . (原始内容 存档于2006-06-15).
^ Van Oyen, C. Witvilet, T.E. Ludwig and K. L. Vander Lann, "Granting Forgiveness or Harboring Grudges: Implications for Emotions, Physiology and Health," Psychological Science no. 12 (2001):117-23
^ S. Sarinopoulos, "Forgiveness and Physical Health: A Doctoral Dissertation Summary," World of Forgiveness no. 2 (2000): 16-18
^ Learningtoforgive.com . Learningtoforgive.com. 2014-06-20 [2016-05-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2016-06-09).
^ Worldwide Forgiveness Alliance . Forgivenessday.org. 2015-11-13 [2015-12-23 ] . (原始内容 存档于2005-02-13).
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Murphy, J. and Hampton, J. Forgiveness and Mercy (Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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Schmidt D. (2003); The Prayer of Revenge: Forgiveness in the Face of Injustice; ISBN 0-7814-3942-6
Toxic Parents: Overcoming Their Hurtful Legacy and Reclaiming Your Life , Susan Forward, 1990.
The Railway Man: A POW's Searing Account of War, Brutality, and Forgiveness , Eric Lomax,
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