蜘蛛星云

蜘蛛星雲
星云
	詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡的近紅外相機（英语：Near-InfraRed Camera）拍攝的蜘蛛星雲。]] ; Credit: TRAPPIST/E. Jehin/ESO
觀測資料: J2000 epoch
赤经	05h 38m 38s
赤纬	-69° 05.7′
距離	160 ± 10 k 光年 (49 ± 3 k 秒差距)
视星等 (V)	+8
視尺度(V)	40′ × 25′
星座	Dorado
物理性質
半径	931 ly
值得注意的特徵	In LMC
名稱	NGC 2070, Doradus Nebula, Dor Nebula, 30 Doradus
	相關條目：星雲列表

蜘蛛星雲（也被稱為劍魚座30）是大麥哲倫星系（LMC）中的一個巨大電離氫區。以地球的視角觀察，它形成大麥哲倫星系的東南角。

發現

蜘蛛星雲中璀璨的恆星釋放出一股紫外線和恆星風，蝕刻著恆星誕生的氫氣雲。

蜘蛛星雲是由尼古拉-路易·德·拉卡伊於1751年至1753年期間，在對好望角的探險中觀察到的。他將其歸類為「第一類星雲」中的第二個，是「在口徑2英尺的望遠鏡中看不到任何恆星的星雲」。它被描述為一個20弧分的彌散星雲^[5]。

約翰·波德在他1801年的「波德星圖」就中包括了蜘蛛星雲，並在隨附的「星星的一般描述和證據」星表中將其列為「劍魚座30」。它沒有被賦予恆星星等，而是被注意到是模糊的雲氣^[6]。

在20世紀中葉，源於它在深度攝影曝光中出現的形象，出現了「蜘蛛星雲」這個名字^[7]。

劍魚座30^{[錨點失效]}經常被視為恆星的名稱^[8]^[9]，或是NGC 2070中央的星團^[10]，但現在通常被視為是蜘蛛星雲的整個星雲區域^[11]^[12]。

特徵

蜘蛛星雲的視星等為8等。考慮到它的距離約為49 千秒差距^[2] （160,000光年），這是一個非常明亮的非恆星天體。它的光度是如此之大，以至於如果它像獵戶座星雲一樣靠近地球]，蜘蛛星雲就會投射出可見的影子^[13]。事實上，它是本星系群的星系中已知最活躍的星爆區。

它也是本星系團中最大的電離氫區域之一，估計直徑約為200至570 pc（650至1860光年）^[2]^[3]，而且因為它的尺寸非常大，它有時被描述為最大的，儘管其它電離氫區，例如位於三角座星系的NGC 604，可能更大^[3]。蜘蛛星雲位於 LMC 的前緣，那裡的衝壓力剝離，可能由此導致星際介質的壓縮達到最大值。

NGC 2070

劍魚座30的中心是星團NGC 2070，其中包括被稱為R136的恆星緊湊聚集地^[14]。這產生了使星雲可見的大部分能量。估計該星團的質量為450,000太陽質量，這表明它在未來可能會成為一個球狀星團^[15]。除了NGC 2070之外，蜘蛛星雲還包含許多其他星團，包括更古老的霍奇301。霍奇301中質量最大的恆星已經爆炸成為超新星了^[16]。

超新星1987A

自望遠鏡發明以來觀測到的最接近的超新星^[17] SN 1987A，發生在蜘蛛星雲的郊區^[18]。有一個顯著的超新星遺跡包圍著疏散星團 NGC 2060，但是許多其它超新星的殘餘物很難在複雜的星雲中探測到^[19]。

黑洞VFTS 243

在蜘蛛星雲中發現了一個X射線安靜的黑洞，這是銀河系之外第一個沒有強烈輻射的黑洞。這個黑洞的質量至少為9個太陽質量，與它的伴星VFTS 243，25個太陽質量的藍巨星處於圓形軌道上^[20]。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 NAME 30 Dor Nebula. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Results for Tarantula Nebula. SEDS Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. [2007-05-08]. 30 Doradus .. 49 kpc +- 3 kpc
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Lebouteiller, V.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Brandl, B.; Whelan, D. G.; et al. Chemical Composition and Mixing in Giant H II Regions: NGC 3603, 30 Doradus, and N66. The Astrophysical Journal. June 2008, 680 (1): 398–419. Bibcode:2008ApJ...680..398L. S2CID 16924851. arXiv:0710.4549 . doi:10.1086/587503.
^ distance × sin( diameter_angle / 2 ) = 931 ly. radius
^ Jones, K. G. The search for the nebulae - VI. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 1969, 79: 213. Bibcode:1969JBAA...79..213J.
^ Johann Elert Bode. Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne: Nebst Verzeichniss der geraden Aufsteigung und Abweichung von 17240 Sternen, Doppelsternen, Nebelflecken und Sternhaufen:(zu dessen Uranographie gehörig). Selbstverl. 1801: 1–.
^ Feast, M. W. A Study of the 30 Doradus Region of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1961, 122: 1–16. Bibcode:1961MNRAS.122....1F. doi:10.1093/mnras/122.1.1 .
^ Pickering, E. C.; Fleming, W. P. Large Magellanic Cloud. Astrophysical Journal. 1897, 6: 459. Bibcode:1897ApJ.....6..459P. doi:10.1086/140426.
^ Notes on some Points connected with the Progress of Astronomy during the past Year. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1893, 53 (4): 274. doi:10.1093/mnras/53.4.263 .
^ Andersen, M.; Zinnecker, H.; Moneti, A.; McCaughrean, M. J.; Brandl, B.; Brandner, W.; Meylan, G.; Hunter, D. The Low-Mass Initial Mass Function in the 30 Doradus Starburst Cluster. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 707 (2): 1347–1360. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707.1347A. S2CID 118467387. arXiv:0911.2755 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/1347.
^ Walborn, N. R. The Stellar Content of 30 Doradus 108. 1984: 243–253. Bibcode:1984IAUS..108..243W. ISBN 978-90-277-1723-8. doi:10.1017/S0074180900040328. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
^ Aguirre, J. E.; Bezaire, J. J.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Cordone, S. S.; Crawford, T. M.; Fixsen, D. J.; Knox, L.; Meyer, S. S.; Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U.; Silverberg, R. F.; Timbie, P.; Wilson, G. W. The Spectrum of Integrated Millimeter Flux of the Magellanic Clouds and 30 Doradus from Top Hat and DIRBE Data. The Astrophysical Journal. 2003, 596 (1): 273–286. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596..273A. S2CID 14291665. arXiv:astro-ph/0306425 . doi:10.1086/377601.
^ National Optical Astronomy Observatory Press Release: NEIGHBOR GALAXY CAUGHT STEALING STARS.
^ Massey, P; Hunter, D. Star Formation in R136: A Cluster of O3 Stars Revealed by Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy. The Astrophysical Journal. January 1998, 493 (1): 180. Bibcode:1998ApJ...493..180M. S2CID 122670111. doi:10.1086/305126 .
^ Bosch, Guillermo; Terlevich, Elena; Terlevich, Roberto. Gemini/GMOS Search for Massive Binaries in the Ionizing Cluster of 30 Dor. Astronomical Journal. 2009, 137 (2): 3437–3441. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3437B. S2CID 17976455. arXiv:0811.4748 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3437.
^ Grebel, Eva K.; Chu, You-Hua. Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus. Astronomical Journal. 2000, 119 (2): 787–799. Bibcode:2000AJ....119..787G. S2CID 118590210. arXiv:astro-ph/9910426 . doi:10.1086/301218.
^ Tarantula Nebula's Cosmic Web a Thing of Beauty. SPACE.com. 2011-03-21 [2011-03-26].
^ Couper, Heather; Henbest, Nigel. Encyclopedia of Space. DK Publishing. 2009: 299. ISBN 978-0-7566-5600-3.
^ Lazendic, J. S.; Dickel, J. R.; Jones, P. A. Supernova Remnant Candidates in the 30 Doradus Nebula. The Astrophysical Journal. 2003, 596 (1): 287. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596..287L. doi:10.1086/377630 .
^ Shenar, Tomer; et al. An X-ray-quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud. Nature Astronomy. 2022, 6 (9): 1085–1092. Bibcode:2022NatAs...6.1085S. S2CID 250626810. arXiv:2207.07675 . doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01730-y.

外部連結

WikiSky上关于蜘蛛星云的内容：DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, 氢α, X射线, 天文照片, 天图, 文章和图片
APOD Images: 2003 August 23 & 2010 May 18
SEDS Data: NGC 2070, The Tarantula Nebula
Hubble Space Telescope Images of: The Tarantula Nebula 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-10-28.
European Southern Observatory Image of: The Tarantula Nebula 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-08-03.
The Scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day 2012 March 12)
Crowther, Paul. Tarantula Nebula and Its Huge Stars. Deep Space Videos. Brady Haran.

[simbad-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 NAME 30 Dor Nebula. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心.

[seds-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Results for Tarantula Nebula. SEDS Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. [2007-05-08]. 30 Doradus .. 49 kpc +- 3 kpc

[Lebouteilleretal2008-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Lebouteiller, V.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Brandl, B.; Whelan, D. G.; et al. Chemical Composition and Mixing in Giant H II Regions: NGC 3603, 30 Doradus, and N66. The Astrophysical Journal. June 2008, 680 (1): 398–419. Bibcode:2008ApJ...680..398L. S2CID 16924851. arXiv:0710.4549 . doi:10.1086/587503.

[4] stance × sin( diameter_angle / 2 ) = 931 ly. radius

[lacaille-5] Jones, K. G. The search for the nebulae - VI. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 1969, 79: 213. Bibcode:1969JBAA...79..213J.

[bode-6] Johann Elert Bode. Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne: Nebst Verzeichniss der geraden Aufsteigung und Abweichung von 17240 Sternen, Doppelsternen, Nebelflecken und Sternhaufen:(zu dessen Uranographie gehörig). Selbstverl. 1801: 1–.

[7] Feast, M. W. A Study of the 30 Doradus Region of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1961, 122: 1–16. Bibcode:1961MNRAS.122....1F. doi:10.1093/mnras/122.1.1 .

[8] Pickering, E. C.; Fleming, W. P. Large Magellanic Cloud. Astrophysical Journal. 1897, 6: 459. Bibcode:1897ApJ.....6..459P. doi:10.1086/140426.

[9] Notes on some Points connected with the Progress of Astronomy during the past Year. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1893, 53 (4): 274. doi:10.1093/mnras/53.4.263 .

[10] Andersen, M.; Zinnecker, H.; Moneti, A.; McCaughrean, M. J.; Brandl, B.; Brandner, W.; Meylan, G.; Hunter, D. The Low-Mass Initial Mass Function in the 30 Doradus Starburst Cluster. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 707 (2): 1347–1360. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707.1347A. S2CID 118467387. arXiv:0911.2755 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/1347.

[11] Walborn, N. R. The Stellar Content of 30 Doradus 108. 1984: 243–253. Bibcode:1984IAUS..108..243W. ISBN 978-90-277-1723-8. doi:10.1017/S0074180900040328. |journal=被忽略 (帮助)

[12] Aguirre, J. E.; Bezaire, J. J.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Cordone, S. S.; Crawford, T. M.; Fixsen, D. J.; Knox, L.; Meyer, S. S.; Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U.; Silverberg, R. F.; Timbie, P.; Wilson, G. W. The Spectrum of Integrated Millimeter Flux of the Magellanic Clouds and 30 Doradus from Top Hat and DIRBE Data. The Astrophysical Journal. 2003, 596 (1): 273–286. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596..273A. S2CID 14291665. arXiv:astro-ph/0306425 . doi:10.1086/377601.

[13] National Optical Astronomy Observatory Press Release: NEIGHBOR GALAXY CAUGHT STEALING STARS.

[Massey-14] Massey, P; Hunter, D. Star Formation in R136: A Cluster of O3 Stars Revealed by Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy. The Astrophysical Journal. January 1998, 493 (1): 180. Bibcode:1998ApJ...493..180M. S2CID 122670111. doi:10.1086/305126 .

[15] Bosch, Guillermo; Terlevich, Elena; Terlevich, Roberto. Gemini/GMOS Search for Massive Binaries in the Ionizing Cluster of 30 Dor. Astronomical Journal. 2009, 137 (2): 3437–3441. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3437B. S2CID 17976455. arXiv:0811.4748 . doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3437.

[16] Grebel, Eva K.; Chu, You-Hua. Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus. Astronomical Journal. 2000, 119 (2): 787–799. Bibcode:2000AJ....119..787G. S2CID 118590210. arXiv:astro-ph/9910426 . doi:10.1086/301218.

[17] Tarantula Nebula's Cosmic Web a Thing of Beauty. SPACE.com. 2011-03-21 [2011-03-26].

[18] Couper, Heather; Henbest, Nigel. Encyclopedia of Space. DK Publishing. 2009: 299. ISBN 978-0-7566-5600-3.

[lazendic-19] Lazendic, J. S.; Dickel, J. R.; Jones, P. A. Supernova Remnant Candidates in the 30 Doradus Nebula. The Astrophysical Journal. 2003, 596 (1): 287. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596..287L. doi:10.1086/377630 .

[20] Shenar, Tomer; et al. An X-ray-quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud. Nature Astronomy. 2022, 6 (9): 1085–1092. Bibcode:2022NatAs...6.1085S. S2CID 250626810. arXiv:2207.07675 . doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01730-y.

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