15世纪,城市人口开始向北侧城墙以外迁徙,逐渐形成了新城,而既有的城区则被称为老城,二者都拥有自己的宪章和委员会。建立新城的主要目的是容纳那些不被允许在老城定居的新移民以及不受欢迎的人,特别是犹太人。[29]两个区域间居民的社会经济地位差距,引发了1525年的一次小规模叛乱。[28]1526年,随着亚努什三世(英语:Janusz III of Masovia)的突然去世,马佐夫舍公爵家族绝嗣,华沙正式被并入波兰。[27]后世普遍认为,亚努什三世之死是波兰国王齐格蒙特一世的妻子博娜·斯福爾扎所为,意在维持波兰对马佐夫舍地区的统治。[30][31]
然而,希特勒没有遵守投降条件,并下令彻底夷平华沙(英语:Destruction of Warsaw)。为此,德军组建了“燃烧和破坏分遣队”(Verbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando),摧毁了城中85%的建筑,包括具有历史价值的旧城区及皇家城堡,而城中图书馆和博物馆的藏品或被运到德国,或被直接破坏。[55][57]
扬·安杰伊·门尼赫(Jan Andrzej Menich,1695年至1696年在任)是近代华沙第一任市长。[134]此后直到第二次世界大戰,华沙市政府一直作为地方自治机构存在。人民共和国时期,市政工作由全国城市委员会(Miejska Rada Narodowa)负责。东欧剧变以后,华沙市政府恢復地方自治机构地位。1990年以來,市政府的架构发生了数次变革。[135]1990年至1994年间,市长由市议会选举产生。[136]1994年至1999年间,华沙市被改制为由若干个乡组成的松散联合体其中中心城区由中心乡管辖。在这一时期,中心乡乡长经乡议会选举产生后,便直接兼任华沙市长,然而中心乡人口只占华沙全市人口的一部分。1999年波兰行政改革之后,华沙市政府架构更为复杂,城市治理难度增大。为便于治理,提高行政效率,2002年,波兰国会通过《华沙法案》,将华沙市区范围内的各乡合并为单一的都市乡,并赋予华沙“具有县权力的市”地位,由统一的地方政府治理。与此同时,波兰全国所有的市政府也都进行了重大变革,引入了直接选举制度。[136]改革后的首任市长为莱赫·卡钦斯基。
華沙市議會(Rada Miasta Warszawy)是华沙的一院制立法机构,由60名議員組成,每五年进行一次议员选举。[136]與大多數立法機構一樣,市議會下分為多个委员会,监督市政府的各方面工作。[136]市长在行使行政权力,是全市范围内所有非经选举产生的市级或县级官员以及其他雇员的上级,并负责监督全市所有附属实体。现任市長为拉法·特扎斯科夫斯基。
華沙的主要工業门类包括高科技、电气、化工、化妝品、建築、食品加工、印刷、冶金、機械、服裝等产业。大多數的工业設施都集中在位于城市近郊和周边地区的華沙工業區 (Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy, WOP)。[153]此外,華沙的零售业也很发达,零售额占全国总额的13%。[154]
华沙是欧洲重要的交通枢纽,公交系统(英语:Bus transport in Warsaw)发达,地铁也在不断发展中。華沙電車线路总长达132 km(82 mi),是欧洲规模最大的有轨电车系统之一。[174]近年来,随着波兰经济的增长、外国投资额增加以及欧盟的财政支持,华沙的基础设施得到了大幅改善,一批新的道路、高架道路、桥梁等交通基础设施相继落成。[175]城市道路管理局(Zarząd Dróg Miejskich,简称ZDM)负责管理全市交通基础设施。
美人魚(syrenka)是華沙的象徵。[216]无论是在代表城市的市徽中,还是在华沙的街头巷尾,都可以找到美人鱼的形象。至少自14世纪起,华沙就开始使用这一形象。[217]华沙现存最古老的图章可以追溯到1390年,该图章由圆形的主体部分和边缘的拉丁文Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis(意为“华沙市之图章”)字样构成。[218]1609年,城市记录提及了一种上身是女性、手持宝剑的海怪形象。[219]1653年,诗人齐格蒙特·劳科夫斯基(Zygmunt Laukowski)问道:
^Czerkawski, Andrzej; Jurga, Tadeusz. Dla ciebie ojczyzno. Sport i Turystyka. 1969: 435 [2020-11-22]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-08). ORDER OF VALOUR "VIRTUTI MILITARI", FIFTH CLASS Capital City of Warsaw 1940 To the inhabitants of the Capital City of Warsaw – in recognition of their heroism and unshakable bravery in the struggle with the Nazi aggressor.
^Crowley, David (2003). Warsaw. London: Reaktion Books. p. 10.
^Sobieszczański, Franciszek Maksymilian. Rys historyczno-statystyczny wzrostu i stanu miasta Warszawy. Warszawa (Warsaw): Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 1974: 131, 452–453. OCLC 1163562236(波兰语).
^Wesley Adamczyk. When God looked the other way: an odyssey of war, exile, and redemption. University of Chicago Press. 2004: 170 [2020-09-17]. ISBN 0-226-00443-0. (原始内容存档于2022-01-08). The Soviet troops, ordered by Stalin to wait until the Germans had destroyed the remnants of Polish resistance, then moved into what was left of Warsaw, flushed out the remaining Germans, and proclaimed themselves liberators of the city.
^Miesięczna suma opadu. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-09) (波兰语).
^Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-15) (波兰语).
^Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-15) (波兰语).
^Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-21) (波兰语).
^Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h). Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-15) (波兰语).
^James Ramsay Montagu Butler; Norman Henry Gibbs; J. M. A. Gwyer; John Patrick William Ehrman; Michael Eliot Howard. History of the Second World War; United Kingdom military series 5. James Ramsay Montagu Butler (编). Grand strategy. H. M. Stationery Office. 1976: 369. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
^Warsaw Tourist Office. Parks & Gardens. warsawtour.pl. [2009-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-12). "Warsaw is a green city. Almost a quarter of its area is comprisedof fields, parks, green squares and lush gardens, making Warsaw a European metropolis that truly offers its visitors a breath of fresh air."
^Nowa Pomarańczarnia. ePrzewodnik / Perełki Warszawy on-line. [2009-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2006-02-08) (波兰语).
^Park Praski. zielona.um.warszawa.pl. [2011-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-13) (波兰语).Powstał w latach 1865–1871, według projektu Jana Dobrowolskiego, na prawym brzegu Wisły.
^Dānishgāh-i Tihrān. Faculty of Fine Arts. International Conference on Reconstruction of War-Damaged Areas: 6–16 March 1986 : Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. University of Tehran Press. 1990: 148.
^Geert Mak. In Europe: travels through the twentieth century. New York: Pantheon Books. 2008: 427. ISBN 978-0-307-28057-2. Today Warsaw is a monocultural city, which is some people's ideal. But before 1939 it was a typically multicultural society. Those were the city's most productive years. We lost that multicultural character during the war.
^Hermann Julius Meyer. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 20 6th. Leipzig and Vienna. 1909: 388 (德语).
^Erich Zechlin. Die Bevölkerungs- und Grundbesitzverteilung im Zartum Polen [The distribution of population and property in tsaristic Poland]. Berlin: Reimer. 1916: 82–83 (德语).
^Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). onelab.eu. [2009-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-20).With over 30,000 students served by over 2,000 professors and instructors, WUT is the largest and the highest-ranking engineering university in Poland.
^Warsaw University of Life Sciences. sggw.pl. [2009-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-27).Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW (WULS – SGGW) is the oldest agricultural academic school in Poland, its history dates back to 1816.
^ 167.0167.1Maria Witt. The Zaluski Collection in Warsaw. The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century. FYI France. 2005-09-15 – 10-15 [2008-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-08).请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Schwarz, Birgit. Geniewahn: Hitler und die Kunst. Böhlau Verlag Wien. 2009: 312. ISBN 978-32-05783-07-7. Mehrere Gemälde aus dem Berghof befinden sich heute im Nationalmuseum in Warschau. Bordones Venus und Amor etwa (Abb. 100) ebenso wie der Madonnen-Tondo Bugiardinis (Abb. 62) oder ein großes Ruinenbild von Pannini, das in der verglasten Veranda gehangen hatte (Abb. 113).
^Wetering, van de, Ernst. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings IV: Self-Portraits. Springer. 2005: 245. ISBN 14-02032-80-3.
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