鈉離子電池比能 | 90-115 Wh/kg |
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时间耐久性 | > 10 years |
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循环耐久性 | 2,000 充电周期 |
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标称电池电压 | 3.6 V |
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钠离子电池(英語:Sodium-ion battery),是一种以钠离子為電荷載體的充电电池,其工作原理及結構与锂离子电池相似,差別只在以在元素週期表同組、化學特性相近的钠取代鋰。
由於製造鋰離子電池所需的物料在資源分佈、價格及開採引至的環境破壞等問題,钠離子電池在2010年至2020年代被關注。鋰離子電池需要到的鋰、鈷、銅及鎳,在钠離子電池並不是必然需要。
钠離子電池的最大好處就是用作生產所需的資源蘊藏量豐富,但仍須要解決能量密度較低,充電週期較少的問題後才可實用化。
歷史
钠離子電池的研發在1970年代至1980年代間開始。但在1990年代,鋰離子電池顯得較有可能實用化,因而钠離子電池的研究就慢了下來。
自2010年代早期,因為製造鋰離子電池的成本上升,對钠離子電池的研究的投入開始增加。
2021年,寧德時代宣佈將會在年內投產自身研發的第一代钠离子电池,提供在有需要的使用場景中使用[1]。能量密度160 Wh/kg,並預計可提高至 200 Wh/kg。預計到 2025 年,鈉離子電池容量將增至 10 GWh[2]
原理
钠離子電池的負極由含有钠的物料造成,作為正極的物料則不一定需要含有钠,電解質是含有钠的極性質子溶劑或極性非質子溶劑。當充電時,钠離子由負極移動到正極,而電子則流經外部電路。當放電時則以相反過程進行。
优势與劣勢
由于钠离子比锂离子更大,所以相對於鋰離子電池,能量密度較低,[3][4]因為钠离子电池使用的电极材料主要是钠盐,相较于锂盐而言储量更丰富,价格更低廉。[5]。此外,充電週期較少。但生產成本低,而且較安全。
注释
- ^ The number of charge-discharge cycles a battery supports depends on multiple considerations, including depth of discharge, rate of discharge, rate of charge, and temperature. The values shown here reflect generally favorable conditions.
- ^ See Lithium-ion battery safety.
- ^ Temperature affects charging behavior, capacity, and battery lifetime, and affects each of these differently, at different temperature ranges for each. The values given here are general ranges for battery operation.
参考资料
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-27).
- ^ Sodium-ion battery fleet to grow to 10 GWh by 2025. [2023-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-23).
- ^ Palomares, Veronica; et al. Na-ion batteries, recent advances and present challenges to become low cost energy storage systems. In. Energy and Environmental Science. 2012, 5 (3): 5884–5901. doi:10.1039/c2ee02781j.
- ^ Pan, Huilin; et al. Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage. Energy and Environmental Science. 2013, 6 (8): 2338–2360. doi:10.1039/c3ee40847g.
- ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-02).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
:5
的参考文献提供内容
- ^ Battery Pack Prices Cited Below $100/kWh for the First Time in 2020, While Market Average Sits at $137/kWh. Bloomberg NEF. 16 December 2020 [15 March 2021]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-16).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mongird K, Fotedar V, Viswanathan V, Koritarov V, Balducci P, Hadjerioua B, Alam J. Energy Storage Technology and Cost Characterization Report (PDF) (pdf). U.S. Department Of Energy: iix. July 2019 [15 March 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-09-17).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Abraham, K. M. How Comparable Are Sodium-Ion Batteries to Lithium-Ion Counterparts?. ACS Energy Letters (pdf) (American Chemical Society). 23 October 2020, 5 (11): 3546. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02181
.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Automotive Li-Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Perspectives (报告). U.S. Department Of Energy: 26. 2019-01-01 [15 March 2021].
- ^ 11.0 11.1 May, Geoffrey J.; Davidson, Alistair; Monahov, Boris. Lead batteries for utility energy storage: A review. Journal of Energy Storage. 2018-02-01, 15: 145–157. ISSN 2352-152X. doi:10.1016/j.est.2017.11.008
(英语).
- ^ CATL Unveils Its Latest Breakthrough Technology by Releasing Its First Generation of Sodium-ion Batteries. www.catl.com. [2023-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-10).
- ^ CATL to begin mass production of sodium-ion batteries next year. 29 October 2022 [2023-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-26).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Performance. Faradion Limited. [17 March 2021]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-06).
The (round trip) energy efficiency of sodium-ion batteries is 92% at a discharge time of 5 hours.
- ^ Lithium Ion Battery Test - Public Report 5 (PDF) (pdf). ITP Renewables: 13. September 2018 [17 March 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-17).
The data shows all technologies delivering between 85–95% DC round-trip efficiency.
- ^ "Battery Storage Technologies for Electrical Applications: Impact in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems" (pdf). mdpi.com: 13. November 2017 [17 March 2021]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-23).
Lead–acid batteries have a ... round trip-efficiency (RTE) of ~70–90%
- ^ Ma, Shuai. "Temperature effect and thermal impact in lithium-ion batteries: A review". Progress in Natural Science: Materials International (pdf). December 2018, 28 (6): 653–666. S2CID 115675281. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.11.002
.
- ^ Hutchinson, Ronda. Temperature effects on sealed lead acid batteries and charging techniques to prolong cycle life (PDF) (pdf). Sandia National Labs: SAND2004–3149, 975252. June 2004 [17 March 2021]. S2CID 111233540. doi:10.2172/975252. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-27).
参见