隱藏式頭燈
馬自達323 Astina的隱藏式頭燈。
隱藏式頭燈,或稱彈出式頭燈(跳燈)、翻蓋頭燈(掀燈),是一種車身設計及車燈型式,當頭燈不使用時可以藏入汽車中。隱藏式頭燈盛行於1970到1990年代中期,因為關閉闔上時能減少風阻、維持流線造型,故深受跑車愛戴,不管是歐系、美系或日系跑車,幾乎都把隱藏式頭燈納入設計之中。[1]
隱藏式頭燈有著各式各樣的設計型式,車燈可以安裝在平躺的站立式燈罩中(例如林寶堅尼Miura及保时捷928)、縮入引擎蓋或擋泥板中(例如雪佛蘭科爾維特(1963–2004))或者隱藏在可伸縮或旋轉的格柵板後(例如道奇Charger(1966–1970)、水星Cyclone(1970–1971)及别克Riviera(1965))。
歷史
出現
隱藏式頭燈首次出現於1935年在紐約車展[2]亮相的Cord 810。Cord 810車身表面看不到車燈,而在儀表板兩側裝有一對連桿來手動啟閉頭燈。[3]當手動搖動連桿時,隱藏在翼板的車燈就會翻出。[4]隔年,一輛經改裝的愛快·羅密歐8C也安裝了類似的隱藏式頭燈。[5]1938年,GM推出別克Y-Job概念車,首度採用電力驅動的隱藏式頭燈[6]。隨後幾年,這樣的車燈設計在不斷出現其他多款概念車中,例如1951年推出的通用 Le Sabre。[7]不過,電動隱藏式頭燈的設計直到1962年才首次出現在量產車上,由蓮花Elan採用。[8]
流行
1968年,美國政府頒布新版《聯邦機動車輛安全標準108》(FMVSS 108),規定汽車車燈是兩個或者四個圓形密封大燈,並且禁止在前面安裝保護性或者裝飾性物件。[9]如此一來,車商就無法在美國銷售的汽車使用流線型設計的燈罩以降低阻力,例如捷豹E-Type S1原有的流線型燈罩在1968年推出的S2上就被迫取消。[10]為因應美國法律規範,隱藏式頭燈在1960年代中後期迅速流行起來,在1970至2000年代初期即有相當多的車型採用隱藏式頭燈。
1974年,美國FMVSS的另一條新規讓隱藏式大燈更加蓬勃發展。根據條文規定,汽車大燈高度不得低於24英寸(61 cm),而跑車因為車身低矮,多數跑車的大燈無法達到美國新要求的24英寸最低高度。不過,若將隱藏式大燈設在車頭頂部跳起後正好可以增加大燈高度,因此車輛製造商便常使用隱藏式頭燈來規避美國對於車輛頭燈高度的法規。[10]例如,豐田在1983年將AE86的隱藏式頭燈版本Sprinter Trueno引進美國,而非使用固定式前大燈的Levin,因為前者頭燈開啟後的高度符合美國法規。[11]這樣一來車商就不需要拉高車身高度,進而影響操控性能。
衰退
1981年,福特汽车遞交改革FMVSS 108的請願書,並於1983年獲得通過。[10]自此,美國汽車大燈的設計不再受到僵硬的法規侷限。隨著美國法律允許使用流線型設計的頭燈,隱藏式頭燈便失去存在意義,逐漸從汽車設計上淘汰。[10]與現今的流線型頭燈比較,隱藏式頭燈不但成本高昂、笨重且複雜,並且會隨著汽車老化而故障。此外,世界車輛法規協調論壇所制定的汽車安全法規開始納入保護行人的條款並限制車身突出部的設計,這使得要設計出符合規範的隱藏式頭燈變得更加困難且昂貴。為了提高車輛能見度,部分國家也開始要求全天候開啟頭燈,只有停車熄火時才能關閉頭燈,如此一來更降低了車廠採用隱藏式頭燈的意願。[1]
最後兩款使用隱藏式頭燈的量產車是蓮花Esprit和雪佛蘭科爾維特(C5)。兩者於2004年停產後,便再無量產車使用隱藏式頭燈。 [12] [13] 投射式頭燈以及LED頭燈的出現,實際上完全消除了車商對隱藏式大燈的需求。
雖然自2004年以來的新車就不再使用隱藏式頭燈,但事實上隱藏式頭燈並沒有被完全禁止,因此這類頭燈設計仍然可以在當今的新款車輛中應用,如Ares Design Project1。 [14]
其他車種中的應用
雖然隱藏式頭燈大多是安裝在汽車上的,但也有少數安裝在其他車種中,例如摩托車(本田Elite 150/光陽名流150)、[15] 大客車(Pegaso-Obradors)以及鐵路列車(京成AE100型電聯車)。
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本田Spacy 125 Striker
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Pegaso-Obradors ST-350
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京成AE100 Skyliner
部分採用實例
量產車
其他車種
圖庫
另見
参考
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