Politik air
Politik air, terkadang disebut hidropolitik, adalah politik yang terdampak oleh ketersediaan air dan sumber daya air, sebuah kebutuhan bagi seluruh makhluk hidup dan perkembangan manusia.
Definisi hidropolitik Arun P. Elhance adalah "kajian sistematik konflik dan kerja sama antar negara atas sumber daya air yang melewati perbatasan internasional".[1] Mollinga, P. P. mengklasifikasi politik air dalam empat kategori, "politik manajemen sumber daya air sehari-hari", "politik kebijakan air dalam konteks negara-negara berdaulat", "hidropolitik antar-negara" dan "politik air global".[2] Ketersediaan air minum per kapita tak memadai dan menyusut di seluruh dunia.[3]
Referensi
- ^ Arun P. Elhance (1999). Hydropolitics in the 3rd World: Conflict and cooperation in International River Basins. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press. hlm. 3.
- ^ Mollinga, P. P., 2008. " Water, politics and development: Framing a political sociology of water resources management." Water alternatives, 1(1), 7., 12
- ^ "World's supply of fresh water shrinking dramatically: report". CBC News. March 5, 2003.
Daftar pustaka
- "Gold Rush" (PDF). Action Aid. 2006. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2010.
- Golow, A.A; A Schlueter; S Amihere-Mensah; H.L.K. Granson; M.S Tetteh (1996). "Distribution of Arsenic and Sulphate in the Vicinity of Ashanti Goldmine at Obuasi, Ghana". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 56 (5): 703–710. doi:10.1007/s001289900103. PMID 8661851. S2CID 44760105..
- Serageldin, I. "Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states", Nature, Vol. 459, p. 163. 2009.
- Rahaman, M. M. (Editor) in need Issue: Water Wars in 21st Century along International Rivers Basins: Speculation or Reality?, International Journal of Sustainable Society, Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, 193 pages. 2012
- Copeland, Claudia. Ocean Dumping Act: A Summary of the Law. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1999. National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration. Congressional Research Service, 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs" Diarsipkan 2020-01-28 di Wayback Machine.. Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs. National Environmental Services Center, 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "Drinking Water Safety". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 May 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "History of the Clean Water Act". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 25 May 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "HRW, Decade, Water for Life, 2015, UN-Water, United Nations, MDG, Water, Sanitation, Financing, Gender, IWRM, Human Right, Transboundary, Cities, Quality, Food Security, General Comment, BKM, Albuquerque". United Nations, July 2010. Retrieved 2 March. 2017.
- "Human Health and Contaminated Water". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 7 June 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- Perlman, Howard. "Contaminants Found in Groundwater". Contaminants Found in Groundwater, USGS Water Science School. The USGS Water Science School, 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "Summary of the Shore Protection Act". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 30 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act". EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "Tribal Climate Change Guide". National Tribal Environmental Council. University of Oregon, 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Nonpoint Source Pollution". NOAA's National Ocean Service Education. U.S. Department of Commerce, 19 December 2004. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- "Water Contamination". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Water and politics.
- ISARM Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management
- Water Wars Multimedia on water scarcity and hydropolitics in East Africa
- Israel Ministry of the Environment Diarsipkan 2012-02-09 di Wayback Machine.
- Israel's Chronic Water Problem
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