Artocarpus

Artocarpus
	Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Tribe:	Artocarpeae
Genus:	Artocarpus; J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1776)
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Gigotorcya Buc'hoz (1783); Polyphema Lour. (1790); Radermachia Thunb. (1776); Rima Sonn. (1776); Saccus Rumph. ex Kuntze (1891), nom. superfl.; Sitodium Parkinson (1773);

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.^[2]

Description

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The flora type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.

Taxonomy

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage; they used it in their book Characteres generum plantarum. It is maintained as a conserved name.

Although fossils of Artocarpus have been reported from as early as the Late Cretaceous, these fossils generally that lack key diagnostic characters such as that could definitively place them in the genus. The last common ancestor of all living Artocarpus likely originated in the vicinity of Borneo, from which Artocarpus dispersed elsewhere in Asia and Oceania.^[3]

Subgenera

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

Subgenus Artocarpus: Perianth of fruit is partially connate (fused).
Subgenus Pseudojaca: Perianth is entirely connate.
Subgenus Cauliflori^[4]

Subgenus Pseudojaca is allied to the genus Prainea, and some researchers treat this taxon as a fourth subgenus of Artocarpus.

Extant species

Subgenus	Scientific name	Common name	Distribution
Artocarpus	Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg	Breadfruit, Seedless breadfruit, Sukun, Kolo, Rimas, Anubing	Oceania from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia
	Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.	Popwan, Entawak, Mentawa	Palawan (Philippines), Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
	Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.	Antipolo	Philippines (Endemic)
	Artocarpus brevipedunculatus (F. M. Jarrett) C. C. Berg		Borneo
	Artocarpus camansi Blanco	Breadnut, Kamansi, Kluwih, Deeball, Seeded breadfruit	Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
	Artocarpus corneri Kochummen		Borneo (Sarawak)
	Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham.	Chaplaish	Yunnan China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand
	Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume	Benda, Bendo, Teureup, Malagumihan	Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas
	Artocarpus excelsus Jarrett		Borneo (Sabah)
	Artocarpus glaucus Blume		Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia
	Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.	Anjily, WildJack, Jungle Jack, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, Aini	Western Ghats, India
	Artocarpus hispidus Jarrett		Peninsular Malaysia
	Artocarpus horridus Jarrett		Maluku
	Artocarpus jarrettiae Kochummen		Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
	Artocarpus kemando Miq.	Pudau, Pudu	Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
	Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.	Keledang	Indonesia
	Artocarpus lowii King		Peninsula Malaysia to Sumatera
	Artocarpus maingayi King		Borneo
	Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul	Dugdug	Mariana Islands and Guam
	Artocarpus melinoxylus Gagnep.		Vietnam
	Artocarpus multifidus Jarrett		Philippines (Mindanao, Samar)
	Artocarpus nobilis Thwaites	Ceylon breadfruit	south western regions of Sri Lanka
	Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco	Johey oak, Terap, Marang, Morangbaum	Borneo, Philippines (Palawan and Mindanao Island)
	Artocarpus obtusus Jarrett		Borneo (Sarawak)
	Artocarpus pinnatisectus Merr.		Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)
	Artocarpus rigidus Blume	Monkey jackfruit	Indochina and Malesia
	Artocarpus sarawakensis F.M.Jarrett	Pingan, Mountain Terap	Sarawak
	Artocarpus scortechinii King	Two winged Artocarpus, Black Terap	Malaysia
	Artocarpus sepicanus Diels		New Guinea
	Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett	Peluntan, Gumihan, Pedalai, Hairy Terap	Borneo (Sarawak), Malaysia (Sabah), the Philippines (Mindoro), and Indinesia (Kalimantan)
	Artocarpus sumatranus Jarrett		Sumatra
	Artocarpus tamaran Becc.	Elephant Jack, Tamaran	Borneo
	Artocarpus teysmannii Miq.		Nicobar Islands, Peninsula Thailand to W. New Guinea
	Artocarpus treculianus Elmer	Tipuho, Pakak, Kabaya, Togop, Tugup	Batanes (Philippines)
Cauliflori (F.M. Jarrett) Zerega, Supardi, and Motley	Artocarpus annulatus Jarrett		Borneo (Sarawak)
	Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.	Nangka, Langka, Jackfruit	India, South East of Indian Subcontinent, China, Philippines
	Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.	Cempedak, Badak	southeast Asia, especially from Malaysia and can be found in Indonesia to the island of New Guinea, Palawan, Philippines
Pseudojaca Trécul	Artocarpus albobrunneus Berg		Borneo (Kalimantan)
	Artocarpus altissimus (Miq.) J. J. Smith		Peninsula Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan)
	Artocarpus borneensis Merr.	Tampang	Borneo
	Artocarpus dadah Miq.	Dadah, Tampang	Sumatra
	Artocarpus fretessii Teysm. & Binnend.		Eastern Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya
	Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett		Malaya to Sumatera
	Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul	Sampang	Assam to W. Malesia
	Artocarpus gongshanensis S.K.Wu ex C.Y.Wu & S.S.Chang		NW Yunnan, China
	Artocarpus griffithii (King) Merr.	Beruni, Selanking	Southern China to Sumatra, Singapore and Borneo
	Artocarpus humilis Becc.	Beruni, Selanking	Borneo
	Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.	White Kwai Muk	China
	Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.	Lakoocha, Monkey fruit	Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia
	Artocarpus lamellosus Blanco	Butong	China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Hunan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
	Artocarpus longifolius Becc.		Borneo
	Artocarpus nanchuanensis S.S.Chang et al.		Chongqing (Nanchuan), China
	Artocarpus nigrifolius C.Y.Wu		S Yunnan (Jinping), China
	Artocarpus ovatus Blanco		Philippines
	Artocarpus parvus Gagnep.	Kwai muk	South-East Asia, China
	Artocarpus petelotii Gagnepain		China (SE Yunnan), N Vietnam
	Artocarpus pithecogallus C.Y.Wu		China (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)
	Artocarpus primackiana Kochummen		Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
	Artocarpus reticulatus Miq.		Sulawesi to Maluku
	Artocarpus rubrovenia Warb.	Kalulot	Philippines
	Artocarpus subrotundifolius Elmer		Philippines
	Artocarpus styracifolius Pierre		China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SW Hunan, SE Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam
	Artocarpus thailandicus C.C.Berg		N Thailand
	Artocarpus tomentosulus Jarrett		NE Borneo
	Artocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev. ex Gagnep.		China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, N Vietnam
	Artocarpus vrieseanus Miq.		Sulawesi to New Guinea
	Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr.		Taiwan (Lan Yu), Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippines

^[5]^[6]^[7]

Fossil record

Fossil leaves and fruits of †Artocarpus dicksoni have been found in Cretaceous formations of West Greenland. Fossil leaves of †Artocarpus ordinarius have been found in Cretaceous stratum at the south bank of the Yukon River just above Rampart, Alaska.^[8] Fossils of †Artocarpus californica have been described from Eocene and Miocene strata of the Pacific coast of California and Oregon.^[9] 8 fossil species of Artocarpus (†A. capellinii, †A. isseli, †A. macrophylla, †A. massalongoi, †A. multinervis, †A. ovalifolia, †A. sismondai and †A. taramellii) from the lower Oligocene, have been described from a fossil leaves collected from 1857 to 1889 in Santa Giustina and Sassello in Central Liguria, Italy.^[10]

Uses

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Kwai Muk (Artocarpus parvus), Lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha), Pudau (Artocarpus kemando), Anjily (a.k.a. Jungle Jack) (Artocarpus hirsutus), Chaplaish (Artocarpus chama), and Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus).

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.

Gallery

Artocarpus elasticus, Heritage Tree, Terap, Fort Canning, Singapore
Bark of Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis
Marang (A. odoratissimus) is in the Artocarpus subgenus.

Notes

^ Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
^ Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 603–15. doi:10.1600/03636440yy54782134.
^ Williams, Evelyn W.; Gardner, Elliot M.; Harris, Robert; Chaveerach, Arunrat; Pereira, Joan T.; Zerega, Nyree J. C. (2017-01-10). "Out of Borneo: biogeography, phylogeny and divergence date estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae)". Annals of Botany. 119 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw249. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 5458716. PMID 28073771.
^ "Species list – Zerega Lab". NUsites – A website publishing platform for Northwestern University. 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
^ GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Artocarpus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
^ "Name – Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
^ "Query Results for Genus Genus". IPNI. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
^ The Tertiary floras of Alaska: Issues 181–184 by Charles Arthur Hollick – 1 January 1936 – U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.
^ The Lower Ecene Floras of Southeastern North America by Edward Wilber Berry, Professional Paper – United States Geological Survey, The Survey, 1916
^ Oligocene fossil leaves of the Perrando Collection: history, preservation and paleoclimatic meaning by Maria Cristina Bonci, Grazia Vannucci, Simona Tacchino & Michele Piazza – Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (3), 2011, 145–164. Modena, 30 dicembre 2011 – ISSN 0375-7633 – doi:10.4435/BSPI.2011.14

References

Zerega, N. J. C. and T. J. Motley. 2001. Artocarpus (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 12–16, 2001.