Black propaganda is a form of propaganda intended to create the impression that it was created by those it is supposed to discredit. Black propaganda contrasts with gray propaganda, which does not identify its source, as well as white propaganda, which does not disguise its origins at all. It is typically used to vilify or embarrass the enemy through misrepresentation.[1]
The major characteristic of black propaganda is that the audience are not aware that someone is influencing them, and do not feel that they are being pushed in a certain direction.[2] Black propaganda purports to emanate from a source other than the true source. This type of propaganda is associated with covert psychological operations.[3] Sometimes the source is concealed or credited to a false authority and spreads lies, fabrications, and deceptions. Black propaganda is the "big lie", including all types of creative deceit.[4] Black propaganda relies on the willingness of the receiver to accept the credibility of the source. If the creators or senders of the black propaganda message do not adequately understand their intended audience, the message may be misunderstood, seem suspect, or fail altogether.[4]
Governments conduct black propaganda for a few reasons. By disguising their direct involvement, a government may be more likely to succeed in convincing an otherwise unbelieving target audience. There are also diplomatic reasons behind the use of black propaganda. Black propaganda is necessary to obfuscate a government's involvement in activities that may be detrimental to its foreign policies.[5]
In the American Revolution
Benjamin Franklin created and circulated a fake supplement to a Boston newspaper that included letters on Indian atrocities and the treatment of American prisoners.[6]
In World War II
British
In the United Kingdom, the Political Warfare Executive operated a number of black propaganda radio stations. Gustav Siegfried Eins (GS1) was one of the first such stations—purporting to be a clandestine German station. The speaker, "Der Chef", purported to be a Nazi extremist, accusing Adolf Hitler and his henchmen of going soft. The station focused on alleged corruption and sexual improprieties of Nazi Party members.
Radio Deutschland was another radio station employed by the British during the war aimed and designed to undermine German morale and create tensions that would ultimately disrupt the German war effort. The station was broadcast on a frequency close on the radio dial to an actual German station. During the war most Germans actually believed that this station was in fact a German radio station and it even gained the recognition of Germany's propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels.[7]
Another possible example was a rumour that there had been a German attempt to land on British shores at Shingle Street, but it had been repelled with high German casualties. This was reported in the American press, and in William L. Shirer's Berlin Diary but was officially denied. British papers, declassified in 1993, have suggested this was a successful example of British black propaganda to bolster morale in the UK, US and occupied Europe.[9]
Author James Hayward has proposed that the rumours, which were widely reported in the American press, were a successfully engineered example of black propaganda with an aim of ensuring American co-operation and securing lend lease resources by showing that the United Kingdom was capable of successfully resisting the might of the German Army.[10]
David Hare's play Licking Hitler provides a fictionalised account based on the British black propaganda efforts in World War II.
German
German black propaganda usually took advantage of European racism and anti-Communism. For example, on the night of April 27, 1944, German aircraft under cover of darkness (and possibly carrying fake Royal Air Force markings) dropped propaganda leaflets on occupied Denmark. These leaflets used the title of Frihedsposten, a genuine Danish underground newspaper, and claimed that the "hour of liberation" was approaching. They instructed Danes to accept "occupation by Russian or specially trained American Negro soldiers" until the first disorders resulting from military operations were over.[citation needed]
The German Büro Concordia organisation operated several black propaganda radio stations (many of which pretended to broadcast illegally from within the countries they targeted).[11] One of these stations was Workers' Challenge which purported to be a British communist radio station and encouraged British workers to go on strike against their "capitalist" bosses.[12]
Pacific Theatre
The Tanaka Memorial was a document that described a Japanese plan for world conquest, beginning with the conquest of China. It was widely referenced in official American anti-Japanese propaganda (such as The Battle of China and Know Your Enemy: Japan), but most historians now believe it was a forgery.
The following message was distributed in black propaganda leaflets dropped by the Japanese over the Philippines in World War II. It was designed to turn Filipinos against the United States:[13]
GUARD AGAINST VENEREAL DISEASES
Lately there has been a great increase in the number of venereal diseases among our officers and men owing to prolific contacts with Filipino women of dubious character.
Due to hard times and stricken conditions brought about by the Japanese occupation of the islands, Filipino women are willing to offer themselves for a small amount of foodstuffs. It is advisable in such cases to take full protective measures by use of condoms, protective medicines, etc.; better still to hold intercourse only with wives, virgins, or women of respective [sic] character.
Furthermore, in view of the increase in pro-American leanings, many Filipino women are more than willing to offer themselves to American soldiers, and due to the fact that Filipinos have no knowledge of hygiene, disease carriers are rampant and due care must be taken.
— U. S. ARMY
Cold War black propaganda
Soviet Union
Prior to, and during the Cold War, the Soviet Union used disinformation on multiple occasions, employing the KGB's Service A of the First Chief Directorate in order to conduct its covert, or "black", "active measures".[14] It was Service A that was responsible for clandestine campaigns that were targeted at foreign governments, public populations, as well as to influence individuals and specific groups that were hostile towards the Soviet government and its policies. The majority of their operations was actually conducted by other elements and directorates of the KGB.[15]
United Kingdom
Declassified documents have revealed that the British government ran a secret black propaganda campaign for decades, targeting Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia with leaflets and reports from fake sources aimed at destabilising cold war enemies by encouraging racial tensions, sowing chaos, inciting violence and reinforcing anti-communist ideas.[16][17]
Indonesia
One of the British campaigns played a part in the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century. This tragedy was fuelled by black information written by British operatives based in Singapore. Exploiting a failed coup attempt by a palace guard, these operatives falsely blamed the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the ethnic Chinese. Despite no evidence linking the PKI to the coup, they posed as exiled Indonesian patriots and incited violence by accusing them of involvement and called for their "elimination". Subsequently, mass killings targeting Indonesian people, PKI members, and followers of Sukarno ensued, resulting in an estimated death toll of at least 500,000.[18]
United States
Following the September 11 attacks against the United States, the U.S. Department of Defense organized and implemented the Office of Strategic Influence in an effort to improve public support abroad, mainly in Muslim countries. The head of OSI was USAF General Pete Worden, who maintained a mission described by The New York Times as "circulating classified proposals calling for aggressive campaigns that use[d] not only the foreign media and the Internet, but also covert operations".[19] Worden and then-Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld planned for what Pentagon officials said was "a broad mission ranging from 'black' campaigns that use[d] disinformation and other covert activities to 'white' public affairs that rely on truthful news releases".[19] The OSI's operations were more than public relations work in that they included contacting and emailing media, journalists, and foreign community leaders with information which would counter foreign governments and organizations hostile to the United States. In doing so, the emails would be masked by using addresses ending with .com as opposed to using the standard Pentagon address of .mil, and hide any involvement of the US government and the Pentagon. The thought of conducting black propaganda operations and utilizing disinformation resulted in harsh criticism for the program that resulted in its closure in 2002.[20]
In November 1995, a Sunday Telegraph newspaper article alleged Libya's Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (Muammar Gaddafi's son) was connected to currency counterfeiting. The story's author, Con Coughlin, falsely attributed the claim to a "British banking official", but his information actually came from MI6 agents. This fact, and the fact that Coughlin had no other sources for the story, only came to light when Saif Gaddafi later sued the newspaper for libel.[24]
The Zinoviev letter was a fake letter published in 1924 in the British newspaper the Daily Mail. It claimed to be a letter from the Comintern president Grigory Zinoviev to the Communist Party of Great Britain. It called on Communists to mobilise "sympathetic forces" in the Labour Party and talked of creating dissent in the British Armed Forces. The Zinoviev letter was instrumental in the Conservative victory in the 1924 general election. The letter seemed authentic at the time, but historians now believe it was a forgery. Historians now agree that the letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up in 1924. However, it aided the Conservative Party in hastening the collapse of the Liberal Party that led to the Conservative landslide.
United States media
In the "Roorback forgery" of 1844 the Chronicle of Ithaca, New York ran a story, supposedly by a German tourist called Baron von Roorback, that James K. Polk, standing for re-election as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, branded his slaves before selling them at auction to distinguish them from the others on sale. Polk actually benefited from the ploy, as it reflected badly on his opponents when the lie was found out.[25] Afterwards the term "Roorback" was coined for political dirty tricks.
During the 1972 U.S. presidential election, Donald H. Segretti, a political operative for President Richard Nixon's reelection campaign, released a faked letter, on SenatorEdmund Muskie's letterhead, falsely alleging that Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson, against whom Muskie was running for the Democratic Party's nomination, had had an illegitimate child with a seventeen-year-old. Muskie, who had been considered the frontrunner, lost the nomination to George McGovern, and Nixon was reelected. The letter was part of a campaign of so-called "dirty tricks", directed by Segretti, and uncovered as part of the Watergate Scandal. Segretti went to prison in 1974 after pleading guilty to three misdemeanor counts of distributing illegal campaign literature. Another of his dirty tricks was the "Canuck letter", although this was libel of Muskie and not a black propaganda piece.
United States Government
The Federal Bureau of Investigation's counter-intelligence program COINTELPRO was intended to, according to the FBI, "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the activities of black nationalists, hate-type organizations and groups, their leadership, membership, and supporters". Black propaganda was used on Communists and the Black Panther Party. It was also used against opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, labor leaders, and Native Americans.[26] The FBI's strategy was captured in a 1968 memo: "Consider the use of cartoons, photographs, and anonymous letters which will have the effect of ridiculing the New Left. Ridicule is one of the most potent weapons which we can use against it."[27]
"The Penkovsky Papers" are an example of a black propaganda effort conducted by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency during the 1960s. The "Penkovsky Papers" were alleged to have been written by a Soviet GRU defector, Colonel Oleg Penkovsky, but were in fact produced by the CIA in an effort to diminish the Soviet Union's credibility at a pivotal time during the Cold War.[28]
Religious black propaganda
In 1955, the Church of Scientology published the book Brain-Washing, which was allegedly written by the Soviet secret police chief Lavrentiy Beria. In fact, the book describes all of the practices Scientology opposes (brain surgery, psychiatric drugs, psychology, child labor laws, and income tax) as Communist conspiracies directed by Moscow, and it describes the greatest threat to "Communism" as being "The Church of Scientology" (the Catholic Church is barely mentioned as a threat to the Soviet Union, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the dominant religion of the Soviet Union, is not mentioned at all). Additionally, "Beria" uses precise phrases that L. Ron Hubbard (creator of scientology) has coined, such as "pain-drug hypnosis" and "thinkingness".
The Church of Scientology, under the leadership of L. Ron Hubbard, is alleged to have advocated the usage of "black propaganda" to "destroy reputation or public belief in persons, companies or nations" as a practice of "fair game" against suppressive persons.[29] After the author Paulette Cooper wrote The Scandal of Scientology, the Church of Scientology ran a false flag operation that stole stationery from her in order to fabricate bomb threats.[30]
The "Let's Go! Shell in the Arctic"[31] website was designed to look like an official website by Royal Dutch Shell, but was in fact a fake produced by Greenpeace.[32]
^Ellul, Jacques (1965). Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes, p. 16. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. Vintage Books, New York. ISBN978-0-394-71874-3.
^Linebarger, Paul Myron Anthony. 1954. Psychological Warfare, Combat Forces Press, Washington
^ abJowett, Garth S., Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion. 2006. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California
^Shulsky, Abram. and Gary Schmitt, Silent Warfare. Washington, DC: Brasseys Inc. 2002
^Churchill & VanderWall, p. 187; Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project
^Shulsky, Abram and Schmitt, Gary. Silent Warfare. Washington: Brasseys, 2002
^Kent, Stephen A. (2006). "Scientology". In Stout, Daniel A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of religion, communication, and media. Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society. CRC Press. pp. 390–392. ISBN978-0-415-96946-8.
Howe, Ellic. The Black Game: British subversive operations against the Germans during the Second World War London: Michael Joseph, 1982. ISBN0-7181171-8-2
Linebarger, Paul Myron Anthony. 1954. Psychological Warfare, Combat Forces Press, Washington
Newcourt-Nowodworski, Stanley. La Propaganda Negra en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Madrid: Algaba, 2006, 336 páginas. ISBN978-84-96107-70-0(in Spanish)
Richards, Lee. The Black Art: British Clandestine Psychological Warfare against the Third Reich London: www.psywar.org, 2010. ISBN0-9542936-3-0
Richards, Lee. Whispers of War: Underground Propaganda Rumour-mongerin in the Second World War London: www.psywar.org, 2010. ISBN0-9542936-4-9
Taylor, Philip M. Munitions of the mind: a history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present era. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995)
External links
Stamps as War – and Propaganda Forgeries: This Website shows almost all officially issued war and propaganda forgeries. It also shows the real stamps that were templates for the forgeries.
WW2 propaganda leaflets: A website about airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets. Has slideshow with many black propaganda leaflets of World War II.
Altyn Asyr FKNama lengkapAltyn Asyr futbol klubyJulukanSignalmenBerdiri2008; 16 tahun lalu (2008)StadionStadion Ashgabat, AshgabatTurkmenistan(Kapasitas: 20,000)KetuaGurbanmyrat HojageldiýewManajerÝazguly HojageldyýewLigaÝokary Liga2022ke-2 Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Altyn Asyr futbol kluby adalah klub sepak bola Turkmenistan yang berbasis di Ashgabat.[1] Didirikan pada 2008, mereka bermain di divisi teratas di sepakbola Turkmenistan, Liga Ýokary. Klub ini tidak pernah turun…
جبور الدويهي جبور الدويهي في عرض إحدى رواياته. معلومات شخصية الميلاد 5 يناير 1949[1] زغرتا الوفاة 23 يوليو 2021 (72 سنة) إهدن[1] مواطنة لبنان الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة باريس 3 - السوربون الجديدةالجامعة اللبنانية المهنة كاتب، ومترجم، وناقد أد…
Village in Kara Region, Togo Place in Kara Region, TogoBoukoukpanbeBoukoukpanbeLocation in TogoCoordinates: 9°25′N 0°38′E / 9.417°N 0.633°E / 9.417; 0.633Country TogoRegionKara RegionPrefectureBassarTime zoneUTC + 0 Boukoukpanbe is a village in the Bassar Prefecture of the Kara Region of northwestern Togo.[1] References ^ Maplandia world gazetteer vte Bassar Prefecture of the Kara RegionCapital: Bassar Afoou Akalede Aketa Akomomboua Alidounpo Apoeydoumpo A…
Telephone numbers in IndonesiaLocationCountryIndonesiaContinentAsiaRegulatorKominfoTypeclosedAccess codesCountry code+62International access00Long-distance0 Telephone numbers in Indonesia have different systems for land lines and mobile phones: land lines use area codes, while mobile phones do not. For land line area codes, the digit 0 is added in front when dialing domestic long distance from within Indonesia, but is always omitted when calling from abroad. Instead, callers would use the Indone…
New Zealand cyclist Ethan MitchellEthan Mitchell (2018)Personal informationBorn (1991-02-19) 19 February 1991 (age 33)Auckland, New ZealandHeight1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight81 kg (179 lb) Medal record Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team sprint World Championships 2014 Cali Team sprint 2016 London Team sprint 2017 Hong Kong Team sprint 2013 Minsk Team sprint 2015 Yvelines Team sprint 2017 Hong Kong Sprint Commonwealth Games 2014 Glasgow Team sprint 2018 Gold Coast Tea…
Al-RimayahPermukimanAl-RimayahLocation in the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaKoordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Koordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Negara Arab SaudiPemerintahan • Gubernur Pangeran RiyadhFaisal bin Bandar Al Saud • Wali kotaIbraheem Mohammed Al-SultanKetinggian612 m (2,008 ft)Zona waktuUTC+3 (AST) • Musim panas (DST)UTC…
Bagian dari seri tentangBuddhisme Awal Teks Buddhis Teks Buddhis Awal Bhāṇaka Tipiṭaka Nikāya Āgama Teks Buddhis Gandhāra Jataka Avadana Abhidharma Sidang Buddhis Pertama Kedua Ketiga Keempat Buddhisme Awal Buddhisme prasektarian → Aliran Buddhis awal Mahāsāṃghika Ekavyāvahārika Lokottaravāda Gokulika Bahuśrutīya Prajñaptivāda Caitika (Haimavata) Sthavira nikāya (Sthaviravāda) Pudgalavāda Vātsīputrīya Saṃmitīya Sarvāstivāda (Haimavata) (Kāśyapīya) (Mahīśāsak…
Association football club in Peru This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Football clubCiencianoFull nameClub Cienciano(Cienciano Club)Nickname(s)El Papá de AméricaLa Furia RojaEscuadrón Rojo Conjunto IncaicoElenco ColegialLos ImperialesRojosFounded8 July 1901; 122 years ago&…
2018 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election ← 2016 November 6, 2018 2020 → Elections in California Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 Dem Rep 2000 Dem Rep 2004 Dem Rep 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Dem Rep 2016 Dem Rep 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep U.S. Senate 1849 1850 1852 sp 1856 1857 sp 1860 1860 sp …
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Bouzemont. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiBouzemont merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ameuve…
For the former civil parish, see Albufeira (parish). Municipality in Algarve, PortugalAlbufeiraMunicipalityPraia dos Pescadores in the municipality of Albufeira FlagCoat of armsCoordinates: 37°5′23″N 8°14′45″W / 37.08972°N 8.24583°W / 37.08972; -8.24583Country PortugalRegionAlgarveIntermunic. comm.AlgarveDistrictFaroParishes4Government • PresidentJosé Carlos Martins Rolo (PSD)Area • Total140.66 km2 (54.31 sq mi)Lowe…
1988 Major League Baseball All-Star Game 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E American League 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 2 National League 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 DateJuly 12, 1988VenueRiverfront StadiumCityCincinnati, OhioManagersTom Kelly (MIN)Whitey Herzog (STL)MVPTerry Steinbach (OAK)Attendance55,837Ceremonial first pitchVice President George H. W. BushTelevisionABCTV announcersAl Michaels, Jim Palmer and Tim McCarverRadioCBSRadio announcersBrent Musburger, Jerry Coleman and Johnny Bench ← 1987 Maj…
Major League Baseball team season 1994 Los Angeles DodgersLeagueNational LeagueDivisionWestBallparkDodger StadiumCityLos AngelesRecord58–56 (.509)Divisional place1stOwnersPeter O'MalleyGeneral managersFred ClaireManagersTommy LasordaTelevisionKTLA (5)RadioKABC Vin Scully, Ross Porter, Rick Monday KWKW Jaime Jarrín, René Cárdenas ← 1993 Seasons 1995 → The 1994 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 105th for the franchise in Major League Baseball and their 37th season …
American judge This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Roderick L. Irel…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Safdie. Moshe SafdieMoshe Safdie en 2004.FonctionChef de département (d)Université Ben Gourion du Néguevdepuis 1972BiographieNaissance 14 juillet 1938 (85 ans)HaïfaNationalités israéliennecanadienneaméricaineFormation Université McGillÉcole secondaire de WestmountActivités Architecte, urbaniste, professeur d'universitéPériode d'activité depuis 1967Enfant Oren Safdie (en)Autres informationsA travaillé pour Université Harvard (depuis 1978)Unive…
Torneo di Wimbledon 1960Doppio femminile Sport Tennis Vincitrici Maria Bueno Darlene Hard Finaliste Sandra Reynolds Renee Schuurman Punteggio 6-4, 6-0 Tornei Singolare uomini donne ragazzi ragazze Doppio uomini donne misto 1959 1961 Voce principale: Torneo di Wimbledon 1960. Maria Bueno e Darlene Hard hanno sconfitto in finale Sandra Reynolds e Renee Schuurman col punteggio di 6-4, 6-0, per la brasiliana Bueno è stato il secondo successo in questa edizione dopo aver trionfato anche nel s…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Shin Byung-hyun – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak d…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sant'Angelo rione of Rome – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rione of Rome in Lazio, ItalySant'AngeloRione of RomeThe Great Synagogue of Rome SealPosition of the rione within the center of …
Story of the origin of Zen Buddhism Part of a series onZen Buddhism Main articles Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Zen in the United States Teachings Emptiness Bodhisattva ideal Consciousness-only Buddha-nature Buddhahood One Vehicle Zen and Sutras Doctrinal background of Zen Kenshō Satori Sudden Enlightenment Ten Ox-Herding Pictures Five ranks of Tozan Practices Zazen Six Perfections Bodhisattva vow Bodhisattva Precepts Shikantaza Sesshin Dhāraṇī Walking meditat…