Homonormativity

Homonormativity is the adoption of heteronormative ideals and constructs onto LGBT culture and identity.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is predicated on the assumption that the norms and values of heterosexuality should be replicated and performed among homosexual people.^[1] Those who assert this theory claim homonormativity selectively privileges cisgender homosexuality (that is coupled and monogamous) as worthy of social acceptance.^[4]

Origin

The term "homonormativity" was popularized by Lisa Duggan in her 2003 critique of contemporary democracy, equality, and LGBT discourse.^[5] Duggan draws from heteronormativity, popularized by Michael Warner in 1991,^[6] and concepts rooted in Gayle Rubin's notion of the "sex/gender system"^[7] and Adrienne Rich's notion of compulsory heterosexuality.^[8] To place Duggan's views into political context and understand her perspective in framing these arguments in this manner, it is important to understand Duggan describes herself as a "commie pinko queer" feminist.^[9]

Duggan writes, "homonormativity is a politics that does not contest dominant heteronormativity assumptions and institutions but upholds and sustains them while promising the possibility of a demobilised gay culture anchored in domesticity and consumption."^[5] Catherine Connell says homonormativity "emphasises commonality with the norms of heterosexual culture, including marriage, monogamy, procreation, and productivity."^[10]^[11] Queer theorist David M. Halperin sees the values of heteronormativity replicated and privileged as LGBT visibility and civil rights become normalized, writing "the keynote of gay politics ceases to be resistance to heterosexual oppression and becomes, instead, assimilation...the drive to social acceptance and integration into society as a whole."^[1]

Halperin says that the urbanization, gentrification and recapitalization of inner city queer areas and gay-ghettos contribute to the prevalence and privileging of established heterosexual norms.^[12] Halperin has linked the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the advent of online dating as contributing to the displacement of LGBT people.^[1] He also attributes the shift in political rhetoric, discourse, and attitude from liberation to assimilation as a further reinforcement of a homonormative binary.^[1]^[12]

Gayle Rubin's notion of "sex hierarchy" – that sees Western heteronormative society graduate sexual practices from morally "good sex" to "bad sex" – delineates the forms of homosexual behaviour that engenders conditional acceptance.^[13] She writes, "Stable, long-term lesbian and gay male couples are verging on respectability [...] if it is coupled and monogamous, the society is beginning to recognize that it includes the full range of human interaction."^[4] Rubin writes that these poles of acceptability and deviancy see a homonormative privileging of long-term gay couples over the bodies of transgender, non-binary, and promiscuous members of these groups,^[14] and that "Individuals whose behaviour stands high in this hierarchy are regarded with certified mental health, respectability, legality, social and physical mobility, institutional support and material benefits."^[13]

Discrimination

Homonormative discrimination is deployed similarly to heteronormativity. Social institutions and policies reinforce the presumption that people are heterosexual and that gender and sex are natural binaries.^[15] However, Rubin writes that homonormativity functions to displace the exclusive hold heterosexuality has over normative behavior, instead selectively privileging cisgendered homosexuality (that is coupled and monogamous) as worthy of social acceptance.^[4]

Transgender people

Among transgender people, Gerdes argues that homonormativity functions to selectively relegate identities and behaviors into sanctioned acts and ideals.^[16] Rubin states that the replication of heterosexual norms – monogamy, white-privilege, gender binary – contribute to the stigmatization and marginalization of perceived deviant forms of sexuality and gender.^[13] In the 1990s, transgender activists deployed the term "homonormative" in reference to intracommunity discrimination that saw an imposition of gay and lesbian norms over the concerns of transgender people.^[17] During the AIDS epidemic in the United States, transgender people were often excluded from the gay and lesbian demonstrations held in the capitol and denied access to the healthcare initiatives and programs established to combat the crisis.^[17]^[18]

Transgender activist Sylvia Rivera spoke of her experiences campaigning for gay and trans liberation in the 70s and 80s, only to be stonewalled and ignored by those same people once their needs were met.^[18] In a 1989 interview she said:

And the gay rights bill, as far as I'm concerned, you know, to me, the gay rights bill and the people that I worked with on the gay rights bill and when I did all the petitioning and whatnot, when the bill was passed... That bill was mine as far as I'm concerned. I helped word it and I worked very hard for it. And that's why I get upset when I give interviews and whatever, because the fucking community has no respect for the people that really did it. Drag queens did it. We did it, we did it for our own brothers and sisters. But, damn it, don't keep shoving us in the fuckin' back and stabbing us in the back and that's... And that's what really hurts. And it is very upsetting [...] And when we asked the community to help us, there was nobody to help us. We were nothing. We were nothing!
— Eric Marcus, Making Gay History: Interview with Sylvia Rivera, December 9th, 1989

Holly Lewis states that continued pressure for non-normative individuals "to conform to traditional, oppositional sexist understandings of gender" has resulted in homonormativity permeating the behaviors and identities of the LGBT community,^[19] while replacing the radical past politics of the Gay Liberation Movement with goals of marriage equality and adoption. These are seen as conservative when framed against 70s/80s/90s LGBT activism.^[10]^[20] Homonormativity is perceived to stymie diversity and authenticity, with queer subcultures becoming commercialized and mainstreamed and political discourses structured around assimilation and normalization.^[21]^[19]^[22]

This aspect of homonormativity has been called transnormativity. Evan Vipond describes transnormativity as "the normalization of trans bodies and identities through the adoption of cisgender institutions by trans persons," such that transgender identity upholds the sex and gender binary.^[23] Transnormativity encompasses transmedicalism, basing transgender identity on the medicalized transition from one side of the gender binary to the other, de-legitimizing non-binary identity and transgender people without gender dysphoria.^[24]

Politics

Politics and International Relations Lecturer at the University of New South Wales Penny Griffin says that politically homonormativity has been found to uphold, rather than critiquing, neoliberal values of monogamy, procreation and binary gender roles as inherently heterosexist and racist.^[25] Griffin sees homonormative behavior intertwined with capitalistic world systems, with consumer culture and materialism functioning at its core.^[26] Duggan asserts that homonormativity fragments LGBT communities into hierarchies of worthiness, and that LGBT people who come the closest to mimicking heteronormative standards of gender identity are deemed most worthy of receiving rights. She also writes that LGBT people at the bottom of this hierarchy (e.g. bisexual people, trans people, non-binary people, people of non-Western genders, intersex people, queers of color, queer sex workers) are seen as an impediment to this class of homonormative people realizing their rights.^[27]^[10]^[28]

Media

Andre Cavalcante says that as homosexuality becomes socially tolerated, representations of LGBT characters in film and television have come to reinforce strictures of cisgender, white, and binary authority.^[29] Gay writer and director Ryan Murphy's sitcom The New Normal has been critiqued for its homonormative portrayal of queer culture and deemed "more damaging than entertaining."^[30] Homonormative media representations are seen only as mimetic of heterosexual normality, reinforcing gay caricatures and "palatable adherents to cherished societal norms and dominant ideologies."^[31]^[32] Such representations, it is argued, omit the queer realities of non-white, non-binary LGBT people, papering over the lived experiences of variant identities and enforcing a "hierarchy by which individuals are expected to conform and are punished if they do not."^[33]

While studies show having LGBT characters appearing in the media decreases prejudice among viewers,^[34] many network, cable and streaming services still lack diversity or cross-"community" representation when portraying queer characters.^[35] A 2015 GLAAD report profiling LGBT media representation found gay men (41%) still overwhelmingly featured as primary queer characters, despite increases in LGBT representation across a variety of sexual and gender identities.^[35] More LGBT content was produced in the media in 2018.^[12] According to GLAAD'S Annual Where We Are on TV Report, which records LGBTQ+ representation on television, the number of queer characters on TV shows rose 8.8%.^[36] Queer people of color also saw an increase in screen time; they outnumbered white queer people on television for the first time in the report's history.^[12] 1% of the population is intersex, so intersex people are almost completely omitted in the media,^[37] with discourses of binary gender identity largely excluding and displacing those who do not fall into the two categories of sex and gender.^[37]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Halperin, David M. (2012). How to be gay. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 441. ISBN 9780674067516. OCLC 807789456.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ David Orzechowitz (2010). "Gender, Sexuality, Culture and the Closet in Theme Park Parades". In Christine L. Williams; Kirsten Dellinger (eds.). Gender and Sexuality in the Workplace. Emerald Group. p. 241. ISBN 9781848553712. The dominance of a homonormative culture in Parades subordinates male heterosexuality to male homosexuality.
^ "Homonormativity". web.uvic.ca. Positive Space Network. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rubin, Gayle (2011). Deviations : a Gayle Rubin reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 149–154. ISBN 9780822394068. OCLC 766004635.
^ ^a ^b Duggan, Lisa (2003). The twilight of equality? : neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy. Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807095805. OCLC 869304512.
^ Warner, Michael, ed. lit. (2011). Fear of a queer planet : queer politics and social theory. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816623341. OCLC 934391034.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Rubin, Gayle S. (2011-11-01), "Postscript to "Thinking Sex", Deviations, Duke University Press, pp. 190–193, doi:10.1215/9780822394068-008, ISBN 9780822394068
^ Rich, Adrienne (1982). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Antelope Publications. OCLC 10433690.
^ https://lisaduggan.substack.com/
^ ^a ^b ^c Connell, Catherine. School's Out : Gay and Lesbian Teachers in the Classroom (1). Berkeley, US: University of California Press, 2014. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 15 March 2017.
^ Queer Twin Cities. Minneapolis, US: University of Minnesota Press, 2010. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 15 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Halperin, David M. (2012). How to be gay. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 433. ISBN 9780674067516. OCLC 807789456.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Rubin, Gayle (2011). Deviations : a Gayle Rubin reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780822394068. OCLC 766004635.
^ Rubin, Gayle. Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality, in Vance, Carole. Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality (1993)
^ DeFrancisco, Victoria (2014). Gender in Communication. U.S.A: SAGE Publication, Inc. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4522-2009-3.
^ Gerdes, K. (2014-01-01). "Performativity". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 1 (1–2): 149. doi:10.1215/23289252-2399866. ISSN 2328-9252.
^ ^a ^b Stryker, Susan. 2008. "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity". Radical History Review. (100): 145-157.
^ ^a ^b "Sylvia Rivera – Part 2". Making Gay History. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
^ ^a ^b Lewis, Holly (2016). The Politics of Everybody. London: Zed Books Ltd. pp. 222–230. ISBN 978-1-78360-287-2.
^ Duggan, Lisa. "The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism." Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics. Ed. Dana D. Nelson and Russ Castronovo. N.p.: n.p., 2002. 175-94. Print. New Americanists.
^ Halperin, David M., 1952- (2012-08-21). How to be gay. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 445–446. ISBN 9780674067516. OCLC 807789456.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Alderson, David (2016). Sex, Needs and Queer Culture. London: Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78360-512-5.
^ Vipond, Evan (2015-04-30). "Resisting Transnormativity: challenging the medicalization and regulation of trans bodies" (PDF). Theory in Action. 8 (2): 21–44. doi:10.3798/tia.1937-0237.15008.
^ Konnelly, Lex (2022-05-06). "Transmedicalism and 'trans enough': linguistic strategies in talk about gender dysphoria". Gender and Language. 16 (1). doi:10.1558/genl.20230. ISSN 1747-633X. S2CID 248615242.
^ Griffin, Penny (2007). "Sexing the Economy in a Neo-liberal World Order: Neo-liberal Discourse and the (Re)Production of Heteronormative Heterosexuality". British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 9 (2): 220–238. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00280.x. S2CID 144295490.
^ Stryker, Susan (2008). "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity". Radical History Review. 2008 (100): 145–157. doi:10.1215/01636545-2007-026.
^ Duggan, Lisa. The Twilight of Equality?: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack On Democracy. Beacon Press, 2003.
^ Ferguson, Roderick A. "Race-ing Homonormativity: Citizenship, Sociology, and Gay Identity." Black Queer Studies: A Critical Anthology. Ed. E. Patrick Johnson and Mae G. Henderson. N.p.: n.p., 2005. 52-67. Print. http://read.dukeupress.edu/content/black-queer-studies
^ Cavalcante, Andre (2014-06-11). "Anxious Displacements". Television & New Media. 16 (5): 467. doi:10.1177/1527476414538525. ISSN 1527-4764. S2CID 145537621.
^ "What's Wrong With 'The New Normal'". www.out.com. 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
^ Cavalcante, Andre (2014-06-11). "Anxious Displacements". Television & New Media. 16 (5): 456. doi:10.1177/1527476414538525. ISSN 1527-4764. S2CID 145537621.
^ PUGH, TISON (2018), "Conservative Narratology, Queer Politics, and the Humor of Gay Stereotypes in Modern Family", The Queer Fantasies of the American Family Sitcom, Rutgers University Press: 161–189, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1trkkgj.9, ISBN 9780813591728
^ Lennon, E.; Mistler, B. J. (2014-01-01). "Cisgenderism". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 1 (1–2): 63. doi:10.1215/23289252-2399623. ISSN 2328-9252.
^ Stelter, Brian (2012-05-08). "Gay on TV: It's All in the Family". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ ^a ^b Egner, Jeremy (2015-10-27). "More Gay and Transgender Characters Are on TV, Report Shows". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ "Where We Are on TV Report – 2018". GLAAD. 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
^ ^a ^b Kerry, Stephen (2011), 'Representation of intersex in news media: the case of Kathleen Worrall', Journal of Gender Studies, 20 (3), 263-77.