Panoramic, Aurora Borealis, Longyearbyen at night, Global Seed Vault, Church in Longyearbyen, Bjørndalen base station, Houses in Longyearbyen, The Culture House, View of the city.
In 1896, Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab started tours to Hotellneset. To accommodate tourists, they built a prefabricated hotel, but it was not profitable and was closed after the 1897 season. However, two families overwintered in 1898–99,[4]: 55 and Norway Post operated a post office at Hotellneset from 1897 to 1899.[4]: 104 The first commercially viable coal on Svalbard was harvested by Søren Zakariassen in 1899.[4]: 45 In 1901, Bergen-Spitsbergen Kullgrube-kompani started mining coal in Adventtoppen.[4]: 46
The American industrialist John Munro Longyear visited Spitsbergen as a tourist in 1901, and met with an expedition prospecting for coal. In 1903 he returned to Spitsbergen, where he met Henrik B. Næss in Adventfjorden, who gave him samples and information on coal fields. Along with his associate Frederick Ayer, Longyear bought the Norwegian claims on the west side of Adventfjorden, and expanded the claims significantly the following year. In 1906, the Boston-based Arctic Coal Company, with Ayer and Longyear as the main shareholders, started mining in Mine 1a, after building docks and housing.[5] The company had American administration, but mostly Norwegian labourers, and named the town Longyear City.[4]: 46 Coal was transported the 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) from the mine to the port using an aerial tramway built by the aerial cableway company Adolf Bleichert & Co. of Leipzig, Germany.[4]: 148 In 1913, the company started preliminary work to open Mine 2a.[4]: 47
Following financial difficulties during the First World War,[4]: 46 the mining operations were bought by Store Norske, which was incorporated in Oslo on 30 November 1916.[4]: 119 That year, SNSK built five new barracks, including one that was made into a hospital.[4]: 83 SNSK introduced its own money with the approval of Norges Bank, consisting entirely of banknotes at par with Norwegian krone.[4]: 116 The American community buried their dead at Hotellneset. In 1918, eleven people were killed by the Spanish flu and a graveyard was established in Longyear City.[4]: 64 Two years later, 26 men were killed in a coal dust explosion in Mine 1. This resulted in the mine being closed[4]: 46 and the electrification of Mine 2.[4]: 47 The same year, the first truck was delivered for use in the mining operations.[4]: 69
The Church of Norway appointed Thorleif Østenstad as Svalbard's first vicar and teacher in 1920.[4]: 126 A school was established jointly by the church and SNSK and had an inaugural eight pupils.[4]: 114 The first church in Svalbard opened on 28 August 1921,[4]: 126 and the church's reading room was from then on used as a school.[4]: 114 Longyear City was renamed Longyearbyen in 1926.[4]: 85
The Norwegian Telecommunications Administration established a coast radio station, Svalbard Radio, at Finneset in 1911, which was moved to Longyearbyen in 1930.[4]: 149 The town's tourist industry started in 1935, when SS Lyngen started calling regularly during the summer season.[4]: 153 In 1937, SNSK established Sverdrupbyen to house workers for Mine 1b, and operation of the mine started in 1939.[4]: 143 In 1938, Longyearbyen's first road was completed, between the town centre and Sverdrupbyen.[4]: 166 Operations at Mine 2b, a different entrance to Mine 2a, started in 1939.[4]: 47
Svalbard remained unaffected by the German occupation of Norway in 1940. However, from 1941 the archipelago became of strategic importance in the supply chain between the Allied powers, as well as a source of badly needed coal. The Norwegian government-in-exile rejected a Soviet–British occupation;[6]: 74 instead the British Army started Operation Gauntlet to evacuate Spitsbergen. On 29 August 1941, the entire population of Ny-Ålesund was evacuated to Longyearbyen, and on 3 September 765 people were evacuated from Longyearbyen to Scotland. Later, the last 150 men were also evacuated.[4]: 73 With Longyearbyen depopulated, a small German garrison and air strip were established in Adventdalen, mostly to provide meteorological data. After the British Operation Fritham regained control of Barentsburg, the German forces left Longyearbyen without combat.[6]: 75
In September 1943, the Kriegsmarine dispatched two battleships, Tirpitz and Scharnhorst, and nine destroyers to bombard Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and Grumant.[6]: 75 Only four buildings in Longyearbyen survived: the hospital, the power station, an office building, and a residential building. Longyearbyen remained unsettled until the end of the war, with the first ship from the mainland leaving on 27 June 1945.[4]: 74
Post-Second World War
Plans were laid during the war to ensure a quick reconstruction and restarting of mining. By 1948, coal production had reached the pre-war level of 480,000 tonnes (470,000 long tons; 530,000 short tons) per year.[6]: 79 Nybyen was established in 1946 and consisted of five barracks, each housing 72 people.[4]: 94 The first issue of Svalbardposten was published in November 1948. Until then, various wall newspapers had been published irregularly.[4]: 133 In 1949, Longyearbyen received a telephone connection with the mainland via a radio connection between Svalbard Radio and Harstad.[4]: 149 In 1949, a farm was built in Longyearbyen to hold cattle (for milk), pigs, and hens.[4]: 37 A local radio station started broadcasting in 1950.[4]: 150 The burial ground remained in use until 1950, with 44 people buried.[4]: 65 However, it was discovered that the bodies were failing to decompose because of the permafrost, and that they could be preserving various microorganisms. Bodies have since been sent to the mainland for burial.[7] The community centre Huset opened in 1951.[4]: 57
Mining in Mine 1b was terminated in 1958,[4]: 47 but operation in Mine 5 started the following year. Preliminary work on Mine 4 started in 1954, and from 1960 it was used as a reserve mine.[4]: 48 The Norwegian Air Force started serving Longyearbyen with postal flights in the 1950s. In 1959, a man fell seriously ill, so a landing strip was prepared in Adventdalen. From the same year, Braathens SAFE started serving the tundra airport with irregular winter flights.[8]: 154–158 In 1957, a principal was hired at the primary school and a new church was opened on 24 August 1958.[4]: 126 From 1961, the primary school was supplemented by a private middle school.[4]: 114 A branch of Tromsø Sparebank opened in 1959.[4]: 16
In the 1960s, the town's farm was closed and replaced by industrial liquefaction of powdered milk.[4]: 86 The first serial-produced snowmobile was taken into use in 1961. By 1969, there were 140 registered snowmobiles and only 33 registered cars.[4]: 69 From 1962 to 1984, a recreational centre was run at Sverdrupbyen.[4]: 143 Ordinary operation in Mine 4 started in 1966 but was terminated by 1970,[4]: 48 two years after Mine 2b closed.[4]: 47 Operations in Mine 6 commenced in 1969.[4]: 48 Television broadcasting equipment was installed in 1969, with the schedule of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation being aired with a two-week delay.[4]: 150
In 1971, a new school building, with a combined primary and lower secondary school, was opened, along with a new gymnasium and a 12.5-meter (41 ft) swimming pool.[4]: 114 The Svalbard Council was established on 1 November 1971. It consisted of 17 non-partisan members who were elected or appointed in three different groups: SNSK employees, government employees and others, although the ratio changed several times.[4]: 134 Operations of Mine 3 started in March 1971[4]: 47 and operations in Mine 7 commenced the following year.[4]: 48 In 1973, the Ministry of Trade and Industry bought a third of SNSK. It continued buying additional shares until it reached a 99.94 per cent ownership in 1976.[9] The airport was opened in 1975 and initially provided four weekly services to mainland Norway and semi-weekly services to Russia.[4]: 129 In 1978, the community received satellite communications with the mainland.[4]: 150 The same year, an upper secondary program was introduced at the public school.[4]: 114 From 1984, television programmes were broadcast live via satellite.[4]: 150
Store Norske underwent a gradual change during the 1980s. Since 1980, Spitsbergen money has been taken out of circulation and replaced with ordinary Norwegian currency.[4]: 116 Mine 6 closed the following year.[4]: 108 From 1982, SNSK permitted private individuals to own and operate cars. By 1990, there were 353 registered cars and 883 snowscooters.[4]: 70 On 1 July 1983, SNSK moved its head office from Bergen to Longyearbyen.[4]: 119 Svalbard Samfunnsdrift (SSD), a limited company that was responsible for public infrastructure and services, was established by SNSK on 1 January 1989. Responsibilities included healthcare, the fire brigade, the kindergarten, roads, rubbish disposal, power production, the water and sewer system, the cinema, cultural activities and the library. Ownership was taken over by the Ministry of Trade and Industry on 1 January 1993.[10]
During the 1990s, the authorities started a process to "normalise" Longyearbyen by abolishing the company town scheme and introducing a full range of services, a varied economy and local democracy.[6]: 86 Commercial enterprises included a shopping mall replacing SNSK's provision store in 1992.[4]: 125 Similarly, Esso opened a commercial fuel station in 1994.[4]: 70 The Svalbard Council changed its regulations from 1993 and allowed parties to run for election.[4]: 136 In a step to increase tourism, Svalbard Polar Hotel opened in 1995,[4]: 132 and a year later mining of Mine 3 terminated.[4]: 47 Longyearbyen Community Council was established in 2002, replacing the Svalbard Council and assimilating SSD, and took on many of the responsibilities and the structure of a municipality.[9]
Longyearbyen is in the lower portion of the Longyear Valley, along the Longyear River. The lower parts of the town lie along the southwestern shore of the bay of Adventfjorden, a 7-by-4-kilometer (4+1⁄2 by 2+1⁄2 mi) branch of Isfjorden.[13] Longyearbyen is on the Nordenskiöld Land peninsula of Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard archipelago.[5] Across the bay lie the ghost towns of Advent City[14] and Hiorthhamn.[13] It is the world's second northernmost town, with all settlements further north (excluding Ny-Ålesund) being research or meteorological outposts.[15] The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert, Canada, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, while the true northernmost settlement in the world is Camp Barneo in April.[16]
Longyearbyen is divided into several neighbourhoods. On the west side of the river, along the bay, lies the port and affiliated utility and industrial services. The western part of this area is called Bykaia and the eastern part Sjøområdet. Above lies Skjæringa, the site of the Governor's offices. Slightly up the valley on the west side lies Gamle Longyearbyen ("Old Longyearbyen") and the church. Even further up lies the graveyard, then Huset and the cinema, and finally Sverdrupbyen. Most of the residential, commercial and cultural institutions are on the east side of the river. Along the bay the area is called Sjøskrenten. Further up lies the university centre and Gruvedalen, the largest residential area. Southwards from there is the main shopping area as well as the town hall. To the east is the residential area Lia and further up Haugen, which is also the location of the school. Furthest up in the valley is Mine 2b and Nybyen, which is mostly used as student housing. Westwards out of town towards Hotellneset is the airport and Mine 3. The remaining mines are in Adventdalen, to the east of town.[17]
Longyearbyen in July
Climate
Svalbard's climate is a polar tundra climate (Köppen: ET) tempered by the North Atlantic Current. The west coast of Svalbard is the warmest and wettest part of the archipelago (except for Bear Island). This is caused by the convergence of mild and humid air from the south and cold air from the north. Longyearbyen generally has lower humidity than other settlements within the Arctic Circle. Longyearbyen experiences midnight sun from between 18 April and 23 August (127 days), polar night from 27 October to 15 February (111 days) and civil polar night from 13 November to 29 January. However, due to shading from mountains, the sun is not visible in Longyearbyen until around 8 March.[18] Snow typically covers the town from November to March. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Longyearbyen was 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) in July 2020 and the coldest was −46.3 °C (−51.3 °F) in March 1986. Svalbard and Longyearbyen are among the places in the world that have warmed fastest in the latest decades. The 1991–2020 averages show that mean annual temperature in Longyearbyen has increased by 3.6 °C (6.5 °F) since 1961–1990. With the sea surface temperatures warming, ice formation takes longer in the surrounding waters and thus especially early winter under the polar night warms the fastest due to the shorter ice season.
As of 2021[update], Longyearbyen is the fastest-warming town in the world. Since 1971, temperatures on Svalbard have risen five times faster than the global average, by roughly four degrees Celsius. Winters now are more than seven degrees C warmer than they were in the 1970s. In 2020, Svalbard recorded its hottest ever temperature, 21.7 °C (71.1 °F), following 111 months of above-average heat. According to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, annual precipitation on Svalbard has increased by 30 to 45 per cent over the past 50 years, mostly in the form of winter rain. Since 2009, deep permafrost temperatures have increased at rates between 0.06 and 0.15-degree C per year.[19]
Although Alert, Canada likely has a lower average UV index, Longyearbyen has the lowest recorded average UV index for any current or previously inhabited place on Earth. Between April and September, the UV index typically ranges from 1 to 2, with May, June, and July having the highest UV index of 2. All other months average at 0, giving Longyearbyen a mean UV index of 0.75 over 12 months.[20]
Climate data for Svalbard Airport Longyearbyen 1991–2020 (28 m, extremes 1975–2022)
As of 2020[update], Longyearbyen had a population of 1,753 people. The largest regional group of Norwegians are from Northern Norway, particularly Nordland and Troms, who make up more than 40% of the population.[28] Roughly 300 people (16%) are non-Norwegian citizens, with the largest nationalities being from Thailand, Sweden, Russia and Ukraine.[29] Because of the dominance of the mining industry, the gender distribution is skewed, with 60% of adults being males. Longyearbyen has an over-average share of its population between 25 and 44 years old, but nearly no residents over 66. The number of children in relation to the population is at the national average, but Longyearbyen has significantly fewer teenagers than the national average.[28]
As of 2014, Thai people, numbering 120, were the second largest group of residents after Norwegians;[30] there were 60 in 2006. Thais first came to Svalbard when men brought their wives from Thailand during the 1970s.[31] In 2006, most of the Thai residents worked as cleaners,[31] and as of 2011 most stay for terms of two to three years to save funds.[citation needed] In 2007, 10 students at the Longyearbyen School were Thai.[32] The Thai community is active in numerous cultural events annually and motivated the establishment of a Thai supermarket.[30]
Longyearbyen experiences a very high turnover; in 2008, 427 people (23%) moved away from the town.[29] The average person lived in Longyearbyen for 6.3 years, although it is 6.6 years for Norwegians and 4.3 years for foreigners. In 2009, about a quarter of the population had lived in the town since before 2000, and can thus be regarded as its permanent population. The longest-residing people tend to work in the mining industry, followed by local government employees. The shortest tenures are held by students and employees in higher education, tourism and the state.[28] The turnover has created what the Norwegian government calls a "revolving door society". Most young newcomers leave within seven years, a turnover rate far greater than in any municipality on the mainland.[19]
70% of households consist of a single person, compared to 41% on the mainland, giving an average 1.6 people per household. The difference is largely caused by persons working on Svalbard while their family remains on the mainland. Longyearbyen's population is more highly educated than the national average: 54% compared to 43% have upper secondary education and 30% compared to 26% have tertiary education. Among women, 40% have higher education.[28]
Politics and government
Longyearbyen Community Council has many of the same responsibilities as a municipality.[9] It is organised with a 15-member council that since 2015 has been led by Mayor Arild Olsen of the Labour Party.[33] The council's main responsibilities are infrastructure and utilities, including power, land-use and community planning, education from kindergarten to upper secondary level and child welfare. It operates three kindergartens in addition to the 13-grade Longyearbyen School.[34]
The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 established full Norwegian sovereignty over the archipelago. The treaty came into effect in 1925, following the Svalbard Act that established the institution of the Governor of Svalbard. The governor holds responsibility as both county governor and chief of police, as well as holding other authority granted from the executive branch. Duties include environmental policy, family law, law enforcement, search and rescue, tourism management, information services, contact with foreign settlements and judge in some areas of maritime inquiries and judicial examinations—albeit never in the same cases as acting as police.[36][38]Kjerstin Askholt has been governor since 2015;[39] she is assisted by a staff of 26 professionals. The institution is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and the Police, but reports to other ministries in matters within their portfolio.[40]
Because of the special treaty status of Svalbard, Longyearbyen is subject to Norwegian legislation, but citizens of any signatory country may conduct commercial activities and live in town.[41] However, people without a source of income can be rejected by the governor.[42] The treaty limits Norway's right to collect taxes to that of financing services on Svalbard. Therefore, Longyearbyen has a lower income tax than mainland Norway, and there is no value added tax. The treaty has resulted in Longyearbyen being a demilitarized zone[41] and it is not part of the European Economic Area nor of the Schengen Area like the rest of Norway.[43]
Starting with the 2023 Norwegian local elections, voters for the Longyearbyen community council must have previously resided in mainland Norway for at least 3 years.[44][45] Previously, foreign citizens who had lived in Longyearbyen itself for 3 years had also been allowed to vote, with the rule change disenfranchising a significant percentage of the settlement's population.
Unique laws
Because of the town's remoteness, there are laws that are found in few, if any, other places in the world. Notable examples of such laws include a ban on cats, a restriction on how much alcohol an individual can purchase on a monthly basis, and a requirement that any individuals venturing outside carry a rifle for protection against polar bears.[46][47] While it is popularly claimed that it is illegal to die in Longyearbyen, the wording of this claim is misleading. While it is not actually illegal to die in the town, there are no options for burial of bodies there (ashes can be buried with permission from the government) and residents considered terminally ill are typically required to move to the mainland. The decision to disallow burials came in 1950, when it was discovered that the bodies of residents who had died as a result of the 1918 flu pandemic had not begun to decompose. Today, scientists fear that the corpses, having been preserved by the permafrost in which they were buried, may still contain live strains of that same virus that killed between 1% and 6% of the world's population in the early 20th century.[48]
Culture
The community council runs a number of cultural activities, such as a cinema, a youth club, a library and a gallery.[49]Svalbard Church of the Church of Norway has the entire archipelago as its parish. The congregational hall is 126 m2 (1,360 sq ft) while the sitting room is 112 m2 (1,210 sq ft). The church is built in half-timber.[4]: 126 There are two museums in town, Svalbard Museum[50] and the Spitsbergen Airship Museum.[51]Solfestuka ("Sun Festival Week") takes place each year during the week surrounding 8 March, the date sunlight is first visible in most of the town after the polar night that began the previous October (the first official sunrise is usually 16 February, but most of the town is still in shadow due to the surrounding mountains).[52]Dark Season Blues has been held annually in October since 2003.[53]Polarjazz has been held in late January/early February since 1998.[54] Twenty residents of the town are members of the Liverbirds Svalbard and regularly meet in the Svalbar on match days during the winter months. Arctic Film Festival is a film festival which held annually in the city's screening venue, Kulturhuset.[55][56]
Sports
The town's sole known organised sports club is Svalbard Turn.[4]: 139 Svalbardhallen is an indoor sport centre that includes a multi-sport hall large enough for handball or three badminton courts, a shooting range, a climbing wall and a 25-meter (82 ft) swimming pool.[4]: 155
The town has no outdoor sports fields, and there are no known cases of a senior team in any indoor or outdoor sport participating in a national Norwegian competition (e.g. Norwegian Cup). An under-16 boys futsal team representing Svalbard Turn, played in the small 2-day Per Bredesen Cup in Horten in March 2020.[57]
Beyond the walls of Svalbardhallen, the websites of Svalbard Turn claim they host the Spitsbergen Marathon, the Svalbard Skimaraton (42.0km freestyle, though many participants use classic style),[58] and an annual orienteering race.
Media
Svalbardposten is a weekly newspaper published on Friday. Printing takes place in Tromsø and the majority of subscribers live on the mainland. Icepeople, an alternative newspaper in English, is also published weekly.[4]: 133
For television, an edited feed of NRK1 began airing in 1969 on a 2-week delay; the broadcasts did not accomplish live broadcasting until 22 December 1984,[59] which in turn resulted in Svalbard being added to the national newscasts' weather reports. Allente pay-TV satellite signals have effectively been receivable since the Canal Digital signals became publicly available in mainland Norway.[60]
For radio, NRK P1[61] (most likely the Troms and Finnmark opt-out), P4 (Norway), and Radio Norge[62] have been known to be available. As of July 2020, the Skjæringa mast was the only known remaining medium wave AM (or any AM range) broadcaster of an NRK station.[61][63]DAB radio broadcasting began in August or September 2016,[64] followed by FM radio shutting down in December 2017. Only the NRK DAB network with 13 stations was planned to be set up as of February 2016;[65] the status for the commercial stations' DAB network (incl. P4 and Radio Norge) is unclear.
Arctic Outpost Radio AM1270 is an internet station since 2016 by the personaCal Lockwood[66] playing 78 rpm records, who claims to broadcast to the town on the medium wave 1270 kHz,[67][a] whose website[68] and its old hosting website[69][70] are registered at Kansas City, Missouri. Only one person claimed to have actually received the AM broadcast when he was in Longyearbyen in 2019.[71]
The best way to listen to Arctic Outpost from long distance. Listen to us via the iOS & Android TuneIn apps, Desktop player, or Sonos speakers.
Coal production peaked in 2007 at 4.1 million tonnes, and reduced to 1.1 million tonnes in 2015.[72] The only mining still taking place in Longyearbyen is at Mine 7, 15 kilometers (9 mi) up Adventdalen. In 2012 it produced 70,000 tonnes (69,000 long tons; 77,000 short tons) of coal annually, of which 25,000 tonnes (25,000 long tons; 28,000 short tons) is used to fuel Longyear Power Station, Norway's onlycoal-fueled power station.[73][72][74] The power station was scheduled for a NOK 60 million maintenance work, and the local authorities decided a NOK 40 million upgrade of the diesel power plant instead.[75]
Most of Store Norske's production was done at Sveagruva, on Van Mijenfjorden, 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Longyearbyen. No roads connect the communities;[76] instead, workers lived in dormitories in Svea until it closed in 2017.[77] Seventy per cent commute home to the mainland while thirty per cent commute to Longyearbyen. Mining has not been profitable and Store Norske relies on state subsidies to retain production.[78]
Svalbard fisheries have witnessed an unforeseen consequence of global warming: Atlantic cod, mackerel, and snow crabs, fleeing warmer waters to the south, are heading north to Svalbard, swelling the local catch. In the decade of the 2020s, Norway values its Svalbard fishing trade at about US$94 million annually.[19]
The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) has 350 students and a permanent faculty of 40 professors and assistants and 120 guest lecturers. UNIS does not offer degrees, but instead offers semester courses in biology, physics and geology. Student housing is at Nybyen. The college is part of the 12,000 m2 (130,000 sq ft) Svalbard Science Centre, which also features the Norwegian Polar Institute, EISCAT and Svalbard Science Forum.[79] In 2006, about 9,000 research days were spent in Longyearbyen, most of which were by Norwegians. This made Longyearbyen the second-largest research outpost on Svalbard, marginally below Ny-Ålesund. In contrast, Longyearbyen has almost only Norwegian research, while Ny-Ålesund is roughly evenly split between Norwegian and foreign.[80]
Longyearbyen is the centre of tourism on the archipelago, although most tourism is generated based on natural experiences rather than visiting the town itself. However, Longyearbyen does provide supplies (including Svalbardbutikken, the area's only grocery store), accommodation and several museums. In 2008, Longyearbyen experienced 89,000 guest-nights, up from 30,000 in 1995. The average guest stayed 2.2 nights and 60 per cent of the capacity was used by tourists. About 40,000 tourists flew into Longyearbyen. Two-thirds of the tourists come from Norway. In 2007, the tourism industry had a revenue of NOK 291 million and produced 200-man-years.[83] The Svalbard society received NOK 380 million in public funding in 2008, which increased to 650 million in 2015.[72]
The Czech Arctic Research Station is also based in Longyearbyen and provides facilities for researchers and students not only from the Czech Republic but from all over the world.[86]
Transport
Longyearbyen has a road network stretching 50 kilometers (30 mi),[87] but the network does not extend to any other communities.[88]: 63–67 In 2008 there were 1,481 registered road vehicles and 49 per cent of all households had a car.[87] Cars are registered with ZN registration plates.[4]: 70 There is a single dealer who sells Toyotas, Svalbard Auto, which is also one of two businesses providing repairs.[89]
Snowmobiles are a popular mode of transport, and there are more snowmobiles than residents. In 2008, there were registered 2,672 snowmobiles, and 69 per cent of households owned at least one.[87]Off-road motorised transport is prohibited on bare ground, but snowmobiles are used extensively during winter—both for commercial and recreational activities. Transport from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg (45 km or 28 mi) and Pyramiden (100 km or 62 mi) is possible by snowmobile in winter, or by ship year round.[88]: 63–67
Svalbard Airport, Longyear is at Hotellneset, 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) northwest of town. It has a 2,483-meter (8,146 ft) long runway and is the only airport that is permitted to serve aircraft from the archipelago.[90][91]Scandinavian Airlines operates daily flights to Oslo and Tromsø,[92] and there are irregular flights to Russia. Lufttransport operates regular charter services to Svea Airport and Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben. Arktikugol operates helicopters to Barentsburg and Pyramiden.[91] There are two quays in Longyearbyen, one for the export of coal and one for general goods.[93] From 1907 to 1987, the mining companies operated a network of aerial tramways to transport coal from the mines to the port.[4]: 148 In the years 1907–1908 the then worldwide leading German wire ropeways company, Adolf Bleichert & Co. from Lipsia, built a material cableway from mine 1 to the ship's loading station, which was later supplemented by a cableway to mine 2. The remains of these wire ropeways and later successors to other mines are still visible today.
^1270 kHz, is an unallocated frequency in the ITU region 2 spacing where Svalbard is located. Either 1269 kHz in zone 2 as in Europe or 1270 kHz in zone 1 as in North America.
References
^"Longyearbyen". Store Norske Leksikon. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
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Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Namkoong. Namkoong MinNamkoong Min pada tahun 2019Lahir12 Maret 1978 (umur 46)Seoul, Korea SelatanPendidikanUniversitas Chung-Ang - Teknik Mesin[1]PekerjaanAktorsutradarapenulis skenarioTahun aktif1999–sekarangAgen935 EntertainmentNama KoreaHangul남궁민 Hanja南宮珉 Alih AksaraNam Koong MinMcCune–ReischauerNam Koong Min Namkoong Min (bahasa Korea: 남궁민) (lahir 12 Maret 1978) adalah aktor dan model asal Korea Selatan. Ia d…
National stadium of Bahrain Bahrain National StadiumFull nameBahrain National StadiumLocationRiffa, BahrainCapacity24,000[1][2]SurfaceGrassConstructionBuilt1981Opened1982Construction cost152 million dollarsTenantsBahrain national football team, Riffa S.C., Al Khaldiya Bahrain National Stadium (Arabic: ستاد البحرين الوطني; transliterated: Stād al-Bahrayn al-Watanī) is the national stadium of Bahrain, located in Riffa. It can accommodate 24,000 spectators and is …
Bagian dari seriIslam Rukun Iman Keesaan Allah Malaikat Kitab-kitab Allah Nabi dan Rasul Allah Hari Kiamat Qada dan Qadar Rukun Islam Syahadat Salat Zakat Puasa Haji Sumber hukum Islam al-Qur'an Sunnah (Hadis, Sirah) Tafsir Akidah Fikih Syariat Sejarah Garis waktu Muhammad Ahlulbait Sahabat Nabi Khulafaur Rasyidin Khalifah Imamah Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan Penyebaran Islam Penerus Muhammad Budaya dan masyarakat Akademik Akhlak Anak-anak Dakwah Demografi Ekonomi Feminisme Filsafat Ha…
Piers in Manhattan, New York 40°43′59″N 74°00′40″W / 40.733113°N 74.01103°W / 40.733113; -74.01103 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Christopher Street Pier – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template …
République populaire d'AngolaRepública Popular de Angola 1975–1992Drapeau Armoiries Hymne Angola Avante Informations générales Statut République marxiste-léniniste État communiste à parti unique Capitale Luanda Langue(s) Portugais Religion Athéisme d'État, catholicisme Monnaie Kwanza Histoire et événements 11 novembre 1975 Indépendance de la république populaire d'Angola 1975-1991 Guerre civile 23 mars 1991 Révision constitutionnelle, abandon du parti unique 31 mai 1991 Signatur…
Omar Daf Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Omar DafTanggal lahir 12 Februari 1977 (umur 47)Tempat lahir Dakar, SenegalTinggi 1,77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini SochauxNomor 25Karier junior?–1995 US GoréeKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1995 Westerlo 1996 Evian Thonon Gaillard 1997–2009 Sochaux 185 (0)2009–2012 Brest 77 (1)2012– Sochaux Tim nasional1998– Senegal 47 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga…
Sri Mohamad Darojatim Informasi pribadiLahir6 Juli 1957 (umur 66)Bojonegoro, Jawa TimurSuami/istriIsmiartiniAnakDamiar Astuti Danti NurainiAlma materAKABRI (1982)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan LautMasa dinas1982 - 2015Pangkat Laksamana Muda TNISatuanKorps PelautSunting kotak info • L • B Laksamana Muda TNI (Purn.) Sri Mohamad Darojatim (lahir 6 Juli 1957) adalah seorang Purnawirawan perwira tinggi TNI-AL lulusan AKABRI Laut tahun 1982. ia pern…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang agen federal. Untuk serial televisi, lihat NCIS (serial televisi).Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Naval Criminal Investigative Service – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (March 2013) United S…
Bike sharing system in the New York City area Citi BikeOverviewOwnerLyftLocaleNew York City (Manhattan, the western Bronx, northern Brooklyn, and western Queens); Jersey City, New Jersey; Hoboken, New JerseyTransit typeBicycle sharing systemNumber of stations1,915 (September 2023)[1]: 3 Daily ridership131,290 (daily average, August 2023)Websitecitibikenyc.comOperationBegan operationMay 27, 2013Operator(s)MotivateNumber of vehicles33,000 (September 2023)[1]:…
Voce principale: Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica La Palma Monteurpinu. Gruppo Sportivo La PalmaStagione 1989-1990Sport calcio Squadra La Palma Allenatore Bernardo Mereu Pierpaolo Antinori[1] Mario Tiddia[2] Presidente Virgilio Vargiu Serie C213º posto nel girone A. Non si iscrive al successivo campionato dovendo così ripartire dalla Terza Categoria. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Martinez (34) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Rivetta (5) 1988-1989 1990-1991 Si invita a seg…
Indian noodle dish Chinese bhelPlace of originIndiaMain ingredients fried noodles Schezwan sauce raw shredded cabbage Chinese bhel is a fast food and street food item in India and is considered a part of Indo-Chinese cuisine. It is a variant of chop suey and bhelpuri. It is popular in Mumbai.[1][2][3] Ingredients Like most street food items, the recipe of Chinese bhel has many variants. The basic ingredients present in every recipe are crisp fried noodles, raw shredded ca…
Political party in Sweden This article is about the centre-right political party in Sweden. For other uses, see Moderate Party (disambiguation). Moderate Party Moderata samlingspartietAbbreviationMChairpersonUlf KristerssonSecretaryKarin EnströmParliamentary group leaderMattias KarlssonFounded17 October 1904; 119 years ago (1904-10-17)HeadquartersBlasieholmsgatan 4A, Norrmalm, StockholmStudent wingModerate Students (official)Confederation of Swedish Conservative and Liberal St…