Radcliffe Observatory

Radcliffe Observatory
Radcliffe Observatory
	South front of the observatory
	Location within Oxford city centre
General information
Type	Former observatory
Architectural style	Neoclassical
Location	Woodstock Road, Oxford
Coordinates	51°45′39″N 1°15′50″W / 51.7608°N 1.2639°W
Construction started	1772
Completed	1794
Owner	Green Templeton College
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Henry Keene and James Wyatt
Designations	Listed Grade I

Radcliffe Observatory was the astronomical observatory of the University of Oxford from 1773 until 1934, when the Radcliffe Trustees sold it and built a new observatory in Pretoria, South Africa.^[1]^[2] It is a Grade I listed building.^[3] Today, the observatory forms a part of Green Templeton College of the University of Oxford.

History

The observatory was founded and named after John Radcliffe by the Radcliffe Trustees.^[4] It was built on the suggestion of the astronomer Thomas Hornsby, who was occupying the Savilian Chair of Astronomy, following his observation of the notable transit of Venus across the sun's disc in 1769 from a room in the nearby Radcliffe Infirmary.

The observatory building commenced to designs by Henry Keene in 1772, and was completed in 1794 to the designs of James Wyatt, with a prominent octagonal tower based on the Tower of the Winds in Athens. Its tower is topped with a statue by John Bacon of Atlas holding up the World.

Until 1839, the Savilian Chair of Astronomy was responsible for the observatory. At this date the appointment of George Henry Sacheverell Johnson an astronomer with no observational experience caused the creation of the new role of Radcliffe Observer.

Because of the viewing conditions, weather, urban development and light pollution at Oxford, the observatory moved to South Africa in 1939. Eventually that site, in Pretoria, also became untenable and the facility was combined with others into the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in the 1970s.

The building is now used by Green Templeton College off the Woodstock Road and is a centrepiece of the college.^[4] The original instruments are now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, except for the Radcliffe 18/24-inch Twin Refractor telescope, which was transferred to the University of London Observatory.