Timeline of women in science in the United States

This is a timeline of women in science in the United States.

19th Century

1848: Maria Mitchell became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; she had discovered a new comet the year before.^[1]
1853: Jane Colden was the only female biologist mentioned by Carl Linnaeus in his masterwork Species Plantarum.^[2]
1889: Mary Emilie Holmes became the first female Fellow of the Geological Society of America.^[3]
1889: Susan La Flesche Picotte became the first Native American woman to become a physician in the United States.^[4]^[5]
1893: Florence Bascom became the second woman to earn her Ph.D. in geology in the United States, and the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University.^[6]^[7] Geologists consider her to be the "first woman geologist in this country [America]."^[8]
1896: Florence Bascom became the first woman to work for the United States Geological Survey.^[9]^[10]

20th Century

1901: Florence Bascom became the first female geologist to present a paper before the Geological Survey of Washington.^[11]
1903: Marie Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, awarded in Physics, and went on to also win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She performed pioneering research in radioactivity, and discovered two elements (polonium and radium).^[12]
1912: Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied the bright-dim cycle periods of Cepheid stars, then found a way to calculate the distance from such stars to Earth.^[13]
1924: Florence Bascom became the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America.^[11]
1925: Florence Sabin became the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences.^[14]
1928: Alice Evans became the first woman elected president of the Society of American Bacteriologists.^[15]
1936: Edith Patch became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America.^[16]

1940s

1942: American geologist Marguerite Williams became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in geology in the United States. She completed her doctorate, entitled A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Drainage Basin, at Catholic University.^[17]^[18]
1947: Gerty Cori became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which she received along with Carl Ferdinand Cori "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen", and Bernardo Alberto Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar".^[19]^[20]^[21]
1947: Marie Maynard Daly became the first Black woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry, and went on to perform research that would define how cholesterol clogged arteries, paving the way for a broad understanding that diet affects heart health.^[22]
1949: Dorothy Vaughan becomes the first African-American woman to supervise a group of staff at the Langely Research Center, a NASA field center.^[23]

1950s

1950: Isabella Abbott became the first Native Hawaiian woman to receive a PhD in any science; hers was in botany.^[24]^[25]
1950: Esther Lederberg was the first to isolate lambda bacteriophage, a DNA virus, from Escherichia coli K-12.^[26]
1952: Grace Hopper completed what is considered to be the first compiler, a program that allows a computer user to use English-like words instead of numbers. It was known as the A-0 compiler.^[27]
1956: The Wu experiment was a nuclear physics experiment conducted in 1956 by the physicist Chien-Shiung Wu, born in China but having become an American citizen in 1954, in collaboration with the Low Temperature Group of the US National Bureau of Standards.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] That experiment showed that parity could be violated in weak interaction.^[32]

1960s

1960: Rosalyn Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" along with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally who received it "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain".^[33]
1962: Katherine Johnson performed the calculations for the NASA orbital mission, launching John Glenn as the first person into orbit and returning them safely.^[34]^[35]
1963: Maria Goeppert Mayer became the first American woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics; she shared the prize with J. Hans D. Jensen "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure” and Eugene Paul Wigner "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".^[36]^[37]^[38] She was born in Poland, but became a U.S. citizen in 1933.^[38]^[39]
1965: Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science.^[40] Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns."^[41]

1970s

1975: Chien-Shiung Wu, born in China but having become an American citizen in 1954, became the first female president of the American Physical Society.^[29]^[30]^[31]
1976: Margaret Burbidge, born in England, was named as the first female president of the American Astronomical Society.^[42]^[43]
1977: Rosalyn Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"; she shared it with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain."^[44]
1978: Anna Jane Harrison became the first female president of the American Chemical Society.^[45]
1978: Mildred Cohn served as the first female president of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, then called the American Society of Biological Chemists.^[46]^[47]^[48]

1980s

1982: Nephrologist Leah Lowenstein became the first woman dean of a co-educational medical school in the United States.^[49]
1983: Barbara McClintock received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of genetic transposition; she was the first woman to receive that prize without sharing it, and the first American woman to receive any unshared Nobel Prize.^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]
1984: Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to walk in space.^[55]
1988: Patricia Bath was the first African American woman to receive a medical patent, which was her invention of laser cataract treatment.^[56]
1988: Gertrude B. Elion received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment".^[57]

1990s

1990: Antonia Novello became the first woman, first person of color, and first Hispanic to serve as Surgeon General of the United States.^[58]
1991: Doris Malkin Curtis became the first woman president of the Geological Society of America.^[59]
1992: Edith M. Flanigen became the first woman awarded the Perkin Medal (widely considered the highest honor in American industrial chemistry) for her outstanding achievements in applied chemistry.^[60]^[61] The medal especially recognized her syntheses of aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves as new classes of materials.^[61]
1992: Mae Jemison becomes the first Black woman to travel into space when she served as a mission specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour.^[62]
1993: Ellen Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space when she served aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery.^[63]^[5]
1998: Nurse Fannie Gaston-Johansson became the first African-American woman tenured full professor at Johns Hopkins University.^[64]
1998: Rita R. Colwell became the first female director of the National Science Foundation.^[65]

21st Century

2000s

2004: Linda B. Buck received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Richard Axel "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system".^[66]
2009: Carol W. Greider received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Elizabeth H. Blackburn (Blackburn was a native of Australia, but lived in the United States since 1975, and became a naturalized citizen in September 2003^[67]) and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase".^[68]

2010s

2010: Marcia McNutt became the first female director of the United States Geological Survey.^[69]
2016: Marcia McNutt became the first woman president of the American National Academy of Sciences.^[70]
2018: Frances Arnold received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the directed evolution of enzymes"; she shared it with George Smith and Gregory Winter, who received it "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies".^[71] This made Frances the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[72]
2019: Karen Uhlenbeck won the Abel Prize for "her pioneering achievements in geometric partial differential equations, gauge theory, and integrable systems, and for the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics."^[73] She is the first woman to win the prize.^[74]

2020s

2020: Kathryn D. Sullivan, the first American woman to walk in space, descended 35,810 feet to the Challenger Deep, making her the first person to both walk in space and to reach the deepest known point in the ocean.^[75]

References

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^ Oakes, Elizabeth H., Encyclopedia of World Scientists,Infobase Publishing, 2007, p. 147
^ Edwin Butt Eckel (1982). The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society. Geological Society of America. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8137-1155-3.
^ "Susan La Flesche Picotte First N.A. Female Physician". Nebraska Studies. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Women of Color in STEM". Marysville University website. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 13 Jun 2020.
^ "Florence Bascom papers, 1883-1938". Dla.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
^ Clary, R.M. "Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists". Geological society of London Publications. Special Publications. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
^ Schneidermann, Jill (July 1997). "A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom" (PDF). GSA Today. Geological Society of America.
^ "The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 1945-06-18. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
^ Schneidermann, Jill (July 1997). "A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom" (PDF). GSA Today. Geological Society of America.
^ ^a ^b irishawg (2016-08-20). "Women in Geoscience Series – Irish Association for Women in Geosciences". Irishawg.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
^ "Marie Curie Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media. Retrieved 14 Jun 2020.
^ Lemelson-MIT Program
^ "Engineering Education Blog: First Woman Elected to National Academy of Science". K-grayengineeringeducation.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
^ "Medicine:Bacteriologists". Time. January 9, 1928. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ Tiffany K. Wayne (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. ABC-CLIO. p. 514. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9.
^ Williams, Marguerite. "A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Basin". World Cat. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
^ "Women's History Month – Marguerite Thomas Williams". University of the District of Columbia. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^ "Gerty Cori - Facts". Nobelprize.org. 1957-10-26. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
^ "Nobel Prize for Medicine 2015 winners". Erewise. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ Biography.com Editors. "Marie M. Daly Biography". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 13 June 2020. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
^ Witter, Brad. "Katherine Johnson and 9 Other Black Female Pioneers in Science". biography.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
^ Arlene B. Hirschfelder; Paulette Fairbanks Molin (2012). The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists. Scarecrow Press. pp. 278–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7709-2.
^ "'Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies". Montereyherald.com. 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
^ "Lederberg, E. M., 1950, "Lysogenicity in Escherichia coli strain K-12", Microbial Genetics Bulletin, 1, pp. 5-9, Jan. 1950, Univ. of Wisconsin (Evelyn Maisel Witkin, Editor), Ohio State University, ISSN 0026-2579, call No. 33-M-4, OCLC 04079516, Accession Number: AEH8282UW" http://www.estherlederberg.com/Censorship/LambdaW.html
^ Computer History Museum | Timeline of Computer History : Year 1952 Entries
^ Wu, C. S.; Ambler, E.; Hayward, R. W.; Hoppes, D. D.; Hudson, R. P. (1957). "Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay" (PDF). Physical Review. 105 (4): 1413–1415. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105.1413W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413.
^ ^a ^b William Dickie (February 18, 1997). "Chien-Shiung Wu". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
^ ^a ^b Chiang, Tsai-Chien (2014). Madame Chien-Shiung Wu: The First Lady of Physics Research. pg. 80-81. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4374-84-2.
^ ^a ^b Wang, Zuoyue (1970–80). "Wu Chien-Shiung". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 25. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 363–368. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
^ Eberhard Zeidler (17 August 2011). Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-3-642-22421-8.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^ NASA Content Administrator (20 February 2015). "Glenn Orbits the Earth". NASA.gov.
^ Shetterly, Margot Lee (22 November 2016). "Katherine Johnson Biography". NASA.gov.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
^ ^a ^b Des Julie (2010). The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-55861-655-4.
^ "Mayer, Maria Goeppert". Astr.ua.edu. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
^ Steel, Martha Vickers (2001). "Women in Computing: Experiences and Contributions Within the Emerging Computing Industry" (PDF). Computing History Museum.
^ "UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970". UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
^ Tiffany K. Wayne (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. ABC-CLIO. p. 1021. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9.
^ The Bruce Medalists: Margaret Burbidge
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
^ "ACS President: Anna Jane Harrison (1912-1998)". Acs.org. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
^ "ASBMB". ASBMB. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
^ "ASBMB Presidents :: 1978 – Mildred Cohn". Asbmb.org. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
^ "Mildren Cohn (1913–2009) - American Chemical Society". Acs.org. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
^ Angelo, Michael; Varrato, Matt (2011-10-01). "Leah Lowenstein, MD Nation's first female Dean of a co-ed medical school (1981)". 50 and Forward: Posters.
^ "Barbara McClintock". Nasonline.org. 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^ ISSUU - BioNoticias by Biblioteca Biología
^ Kolata, Gina (September 4, 1992), "Dr. Barbara McClintock, 90, Gene Research Pioneer, Dies", The New York Times, retrieved December 28, 2012
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983", Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, archived from the original on July 6, 2010, retrieved July 8, 2010
^ "Former Astronaut and NOAA Administrator Kathy D. Sullivan Named National Air and Space Museum's Lindbergh Fellow". National Air and Space Museum. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
^ Patricia E. Bath, US Patent 4,744,360, Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses, issued May 17, 1988 (filed Dec. 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Dr. Antonia Novello". Changing the Face of Medicine website. National Institutes of Health, Health & Human Services. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
^ Margaret W. Rossiter (21 February 2012). Women Scientists in America: Forging a New World Since 1972. JHU Press. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-1-4214-0233-8.
^ "Society of Chemical Industry - Perkin Medal". www.soci.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-26.
^ ^a ^b Stinson S (1992). "Edith M. Flanigen Wins Perkin Medal". Chemical & Engineering News. 70 (10): 25. doi:10.1021/cen-v070n010.p025.
^ Hine, Darlene Clarke (2005). Black Women in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 140. ISBN 9780195223750.
^ "Space Today Online -- Man In Space Firsts -- table of contents". www.spacetoday.org. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
^ St Angelo, Steven (2014-07-01). "A farewell celebration for Nursing's Fannie Gaston-Johansson". The Hub. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
^ "US NSF - Office of the Director - List of NSF Directors, 1950-present". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^ "UCSF's Elizabeth Blackburn Receives Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | UC San Francisco". Ucsf.edu. 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^ "Marcia K McNutt".
^ "Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences". AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
^ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018
^ "Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize In Chemistry | HuffPost". Huffingtonpost.com. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ "Citation by the Abel Prize Committee". The Abel Prize. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ Chang, Kenneth (March 19, 2019). "Karen Uhlenbeck Is First Woman to Receive Abel Prize in Mathematics – Dr. Uhlenbeck helped pioneer geometric analysis, developing techniques now commonly used by many mathematicians". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ Murphy, Heather (2020-06-08). "First American Woman to Walk in Space Reaches Deepest Spot in the Ocean". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

[1] Mary Wyer (2001). Women, Science, and Technology: A Reader in Feminist Science Studies. Psychology Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-415-92606-5.

[2] Oakes, Elizabeth H., Encyclopedia of World Scientists,Infobase Publishing, 2007, p. 147

[3] Edwin Butt Eckel (1982). The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society. Geological Society of America. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8137-1155-3.

[4] "Susan La Flesche Picotte First N.A. Female Physician". Nebraska Studies. Retrieved May 28, 2019.

[Women_of_Color_in_STEM-5] "Women of Color in STEM". Marysville University website. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 13 Jun 2020.

[6] "Florence Bascom papers, 1883-1938". Dla.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-28.

[ucalgary1945-7] Clary, R.M. "Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists". Geological society of London Publications. Special Publications. Retrieved 10 October 2017.

[schneidermann1997-8] Schneidermann, Jill (July 1997). "A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom" (PDF). GSA Today. Geological Society of America.

[9] "The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 1945-06-18. Retrieved 2018-07-28.

[10] Schneidermann, Jill (July 1997). "A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom" (PDF). GSA Today. Geological Society of America.

[wordpress1-11] rishawg (2016-08-20). "Women in Geoscience Series – Irish Association for Women in Geosciences". Irishawg.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2018-07-28.

[12] "Marie Curie Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media. Retrieved 14 Jun 2020.

[13] Lemelson-MIT Program

[14] "Engineering Education Blog: First Woman Elected to National Academy of Science". K-grayengineeringeducation.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.

[Time-15] "Medicine:Bacteriologists". Time. January 9, 1928. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2009.

[16] Tiffany K. Wayne (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. ABC-CLIO. p. 514. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9.

[17] Williams, Marguerite. "A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Basin". World Cat. Retrieved 8 March 2014.

[18] "Women's History Month – Marguerite Thomas Williams". University of the District of Columbia. Retrieved 2018-09-24.

[nobel-1947-19] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.

[20] "Gerty Cori - Facts". Nobelprize.org. 1957-10-26. Retrieved 2018-08-19.

[21] "Nobel Prize for Medicine 2015 winners". Erewise. Retrieved 2018-08-20.

[22] Biography.com Editors. "Marie M. Daly Biography". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 13 June 2020. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)

[23] Witter, Brad. "Katherine Johnson and 9 Other Black Female Pioneers in Science". biography.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020.

[HirschfelderMolin2012-24] Arlene B. Hirschfelder; Paulette Fairbanks Molin (2012). The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists. Scarecrow Press. pp. 278–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7709-2.

[25] "'Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies". Montereyherald.com. 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-23.

[26] "Lederberg, E. M., 1950, "Lysogenicity in Escherichia coli strain K-12", Microbial Genetics Bulletin, 1, pp. 5-9, Jan. 1950, Univ. of Wisconsin (Evelyn Maisel Witkin, Editor), Ohio State University, ISSN 0026-2579, call No. 33-M-4, OCLC 04079516, Accession Number: AEH8282UW" http://www.estherlederberg.com/Censorship/LambdaW.html

[27] Computer History Museum | Timeline of Computer History : Year 1952 Entries

[Wu1957-28] Wu, C. S.; Ambler, E.; Hayward, R. W.; Hoppes, D. D.; Hudson, R. P. (1957). "Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay" (PDF). Physical Review. 105 (4): 1413–1415. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105.1413W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413.

[Wu-29] William Dickie (February 18, 1997). "Chien-Shiung Wu". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-16.

[autogenerated80-30] Chiang, Tsai-Chien (2014). Madame Chien-Shiung Wu: The First Lady of Physics Research. pg. 80-81. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4374-84-2.

[autogenerated363-31] Wang, Zuoyue (1970–80). "Wu Chien-Shiung". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 25. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 363–368. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.

[Zeidler2011-32] Eberhard Zeidler (17 August 2011). Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-3-642-22421-8.

[nobel-1977-33] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.

[34] NASA Content Administrator (20 February 2015). "Glenn Orbits the Earth". NASA.gov.

[35] Shetterly, Margot Lee (22 November 2016). "Katherine Johnson Biography". NASA.gov.

[N63-36] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 October 2008.

[37] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

[google1-38] Des Julie (2010). The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-55861-655-4.

[39] "Mayer, Maria Goeppert". Astr.ua.edu. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

[40] Steel, Martha Vickers (2001). "Women in Computing: Experiences and Contributions Within the Emerging Computing Industry" (PDF). Computing History Museum.

[41] "UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970". UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department. Retrieved 2010-11-08.

[42] Tiffany K. Wayne (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. ABC-CLIO. p. 1021. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9.

[43] The Bruce Medalists: Margaret Burbidge

[44] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-06-09.

[45] "ACS President: Anna Jane Harrison (1912-1998)". Acs.org. Retrieved 2014-02-16.

[46] "ASBMB". ASBMB. Retrieved 2018-12-20.

[47] "ASBMB Presidents :: 1978 – Mildred Cohn". Asbmb.org. Retrieved 2018-12-20.

[48] "Mildren Cohn (1913–2009) - American Chemical Society". Acs.org. Retrieved 2018-12-20.

[:13-49] Angelo, Michael; Varrato, Matt (2011-10-01). "Leah Lowenstein, MD Nation's first female Dean of a co-ed medical school (1981)". 50 and Forward: Posters.

[50] "Barbara McClintock". Nasonline.org. 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-08-19.

[nobel-1983-51] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.

[52] ISSUU - BioNoticias by Biblioteca Biología

[53] Kolata, Gina (September 4, 1992), "Dr. Barbara McClintock, 90, Gene Research Pioneer, Dies", The New York Times, retrieved December 28, 2012

[54] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983", Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, archived from the original on July 6, 2010, retrieved July 8, 2010

[55] "Former Astronaut and NOAA Administrator Kathy D. Sullivan Named National Air and Space Museum's Lindbergh Fellow". National Air and Space Museum. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

[PatentUS4744360-56] Patricia E. Bath, US Patent 4,744,360, Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses, issued May 17, 1988 (filed Dec. 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019

[nobel-1988-57] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.

[58] U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Dr. Antonia Novello". Changing the Face of Medicine website. National Institutes of Health, Health & Human Services. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[Rossiter2012-59] Margaret W. Rossiter (21 February 2012). Women Scientists in America: Forging a New World Since 1972. JHU Press. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-1-4214-0233-8.

[60] "Society of Chemical Industry - Perkin Medal". www.soci.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-26.

[pubs.acs.org-61] Stinson S (1992). "Edith M. Flanigen Wins Perkin Medal". Chemical & Engineering News. 70 (10): 25. doi:10.1021/cen-v070n010.p025.

[62] Hine, Darlene Clarke (2005). Black Women in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 140. ISBN 9780195223750.

[63] "Space Today Online -- Man In Space Firsts -- table of contents". www.spacetoday.org. Retrieved 2019-10-08.

[:15-64] St Angelo, Steven (2014-07-01). "A farewell celebration for Nursing's Fannie Gaston-Johansson". The Hub. Retrieved 2020-03-28.

[65] "US NSF - Office of the Director - List of NSF Directors, 1950-present". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-09.

[nobel-2004-66] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.

[67] "UCSF's Elizabeth Blackburn Receives Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | UC San Francisco". Ucsf.edu. 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2018-08-20.

[nobel-2009-68] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.

[69] "Marcia K McNutt".

[70] "Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences". AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2018-08-26.

[71] Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018

[72] "Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize In Chemistry | HuffPost". Huffingtonpost.com. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-04.

[citation-73] "Citation by the Abel Prize Committee". The Abel Prize. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

[74] Chang, Kenneth (March 19, 2019). "Karen Uhlenbeck Is First Woman to Receive Abel Prize in Mathematics – Dr. Uhlenbeck helped pioneer geometric analysis, developing techniques now commonly used by many mathematicians". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

[75] Murphy, Heather (2020-06-08). "First American Woman to Walk in Space Reaches Deepest Spot in the Ocean". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

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Timeline of women in science in the United States

19th Century

20th Century

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

21st Century

2000s

2010s

2020s

References

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