Toba-Maskoy language

Maskoy
Maskoy
Toba
Native to	Paraguay
Ethnicity	2,100 (2007)
Native speakers	1,700 (2007)
Language family	Mascoian Maskoy;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tmf
Glottolog	toba1268
ELP	Enenlhet

Maskoy, or Toba-Maskoy, is one of several languages of the Paraguayan Chaco (Particularly in the northern region of Paraguay) called Toba. It is spoken on a reservation near Puerto Victoria. Toba-Maskoy is currently a threatened language at risk of becoming an extinct language, due to the low number of native speakers.

History

Toba-Maskoy was derived^{[clarification needed]} from Paraguay, specifically in the Chaco region of the Alto Paraguay department.^[2]

Geographic Distribution

Toba-Maskoy is spoken near Puerto Victoria, in the north of Paraguay.

Official Status

Though Toba-Maskoy is not the official language of Paraguay, it has a special well known status in the northern part of El Chaco.^{[citation needed]}

Dialects/Varieties

Toba Maskoy is one of the five members of the Maskoy linguistic family, the other four include: Angaite, Enxet, Kaskiha, and Sanapan.^[3]

Vocabulary and Grammar

It is believed that around 1870 some Toba chiefs immigrated from Argentina escaping constant victimization of their peoples, thus settling in Alto Paraguay. Since that transitional period, the language suffered both linguistically and culturally.^[4] To this day it is rare to find grammar or writings in Toba-Maskoy due to a significant loss in the linguistic elements.^{[clarification needed]}^{[citation needed]}

Number System

The below table shows the Toba number system, which has separate words for $1,2,4$ and all other numbers being composites of these words. According to Closs,^[5] the number 1 is always used in terms of addition.

While the number $4$ is derived from the word "equals", which indicates the understanding of the concept of 2- groupings. Multiplication in the Toba Number system only occurs in the form of doubling, however this number system demonstrates the understanding of additive and basic multiplicative properties.

, Toba Number Sequence^[5]^[6]
Decimal Number	Toba Number	Notes
1	nathedac
2	cacyni, nivoca
3	cacaynilia	2+"lia"
4	nalotapegat	"equals"
5	nivoca cacainilia	$2+3$
6	cacayni cacynilia	$2\times 3$
7	nathedac cacayni cacaynilia	$1+(2\times 3)$
8	nivoca nalotapegat	$2\times 4$
9	nivoca nalotapegat nathedac	$(2\times 4)+1$
10	cacayni nivoca nalotapegat	$2+(2\times 4)$

External links

Good News Toba-Maskoy Language Movie Trailer

References

^ ^a ^b Maskoy at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Gynan, Shawn N. (2007). "Language Planning and Policy in Paraguay". In Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (eds.). Language Planning and Policy in Latin America. Vol. 1. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-006-7.
^ Miller, Elmer S., ed. (2001). Peoples of the Gran Chaco. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89789-802-7.
^ Durante, Santiago (2011). "Las lenguas del Gran Chaco: situación socio-lingüística y políticas lingüísticas". Language Design. 13: 115–142.
^ ^a ^b Native American mathematics. Michael P. Closs. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-292-71185-3. OCLC 14959578.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ McGee, W.J (1900). "Primitive Numbers". Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. 19th Annual Report: 838 – via Smithsonian Institution.