Créteil

Créteil
Créteil
Prefecture and commune
	Aerial view of Créteil
	Coat of arms
	Paris and inner ring departments
	Location of Créteil
	Créteil Créteil
	Coordinates: 48°47′28″N 2°27′46″E / 48.7911°N 2.4628°E
Country	France
Region	Île-de-France
Department	Val-de-Marne
Arrondissement	Créteil
Canton	2 cantons
Intercommunality	Grand Paris
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026)	Laurent Cathala
Area 1	11.43 km2 (4.41 sq mi)
Population (2021)	92,989
• Density	8,100/km2 (21,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code	94028 /94000
Elevation	31–74 m (102–243 ft) ; (avg. 63 m or 207 ft)
	1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁetɛj] ^ⓘ) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France. It is located 11.7 km (7.3 mi) from the centre of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.

Name

The name Créteil was recorded for the first time as Cristoilum in the martyrology written by a monk named Usuard in 865. The name Cristoilum is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning "clearing, glade", "place of") suffixed to a pre-Latin radical crist- whose meaning is still unclear. Some believe crist is a Celtic word meaning "ridge", a cognate of Latin crista and modern French crête, in which case the meaning of Cristoilum would be "clearing on the ridge" or "place on the ridge." A more traditional etymology was that crist referred to Jesus Christ, due to the very ancient presence of Christianity in Créteil and the veneration of Saint Agoard and Agilbert of Créteil, martyred in Créteil around AD 400.

Geography

Créteil is a city in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris. It is watered by the Marne river which carries out its last loop before the junction with the Seine at the Charenton-le-Pont. The area is an alluvial plain eroded by the action of the Marne and the Seine. Bordering communes include Maisons-Alfort, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, Bonneuil-sur-Marne, Limeil-Brévannes, Valenton, Choisy-le-Roi and Alfortville.

Climate

The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Créteil has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.^[3]

History

Some rare flints from the Palaeolithic age are still being found in modern times in the area. It is, however, a two-ton, Neolithic-era polishing machine that is the prehistoric pride of Créteil. The first documents referring to Créteil are from the Merovingian era, when it was known as Vicus Cristoilum' The name comes from the prefix crist and oilum. These two terms are thought to be Gallic: "clearing" for oilum and "ridge" for crist. The "clearing" of the "ridge" of the Mont-Mesly is on the road connecting Paris and Sens (Trunk Road 19 today). In 1406, the place name "Créteil" makes its appearance after successive deformations from Cristoill (1278), Cristeuil, Cresteul then Creteuil.

During the French Wars of Religion (1567), the Huguenots plundered the church and burned the local charters. New disorders in 1648 forced the evacuation of the inhabitants of Créteil. The end of Louis XIV's reign was marked by a great food shortage throughout the whole of France after a terrible winter in 1709 that resulted in 69 recorded deaths in Créteil. Registers of grievances from the French Revolution in 1789 mention Créteil 15 times.

At the beginning of the 18th century, construction of the first middle-class "Parisian" houses began. In 1814, the east of Créteil was taken by Russian troops as part of the Battle of Paris. The bridge which spans the Marne between Créteil and Saint-Maur-des-Fossés was inaugurated on 9 April 1841, replacing an ancient ferry.

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 was particularly cruel for Créteil. The borough was plundered and left in ruins by the Prussians, while the nearby battle of Mont-Mesly on 30 November 1870, left 179 dead.

L'Abbaye de Créteil or Abbaye group was a utopian artistic and literary community founded during 1906 named after the Créteil Abbey near to where some members lived and where the group held meetings. At the time Créteil was still mostly pastoral, some of which remains in the forested parkland of the riverside district on and around Ile Sainte-Catherine. Although the group was short-lived, disbanding by 1908, it attracted artists, writers and philosophers to become associated with the Symbolist and Futurist movements such as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, author of the Futurist Manifesto, and Constantin Brâncuși.

Créteil gave up its pastoral character after World War II. The population subsequently rose from 13,800 in 1954 to 30,654 in 1962. In 1965, the city became a Préfecture of the new department of the Val-de-Marne.

The lake

Créteil Lake began as a gypsum and gravel quarry. Once the groundwater was reached, forming deep ponds, the quarry was abandoned and allowed to fill with water. The lake area is now a popular recreational site attracting fishermen, boaters, wind surfers, etc...

Demographics

Population

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1793	946	—
1800	979	+0.49%
1806	1,000	+0.35%
1821	1,270	+1.61%
1831	1,496	+1.65%
1836	1,607	+1.44%
1841	1,826	+2.59%
1846	1,721	−1.18%
1851	1,546	−2.12%
1856	1,733	+2.31%
1861	2,412	+6.84%
1866	2,541	+1.05%
1872	2,823	+1.77%
1876	2,955	+1.15%
1881	3,430	+3.03%
1886	4,045	+3.35%
1891	4,090	+0.22%
1896	4,208	+0.57%

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	4,923	+3.19%
1906	5,500	+2.24%
1911	6,116	+2.15%
1921	8,169	+2.94%
1926	9,612	+3.31%
1931	11,596	+3.82%
1936	11,755	+0.27%
1946	11,008	−0.65%
1954	13,793	+2.86%
1962	30,403	+10.38%
1968	49,197	+8.35%
1975	59,023	+2.64%
1982	71,693	+2.82%
1990	82,088	+1.71%
1999	82,154	+0.01%
2007	89,410	+1.06%
2012	89,845	+0.10%
2017	90,605	+0.17%

Source: EHESS^[4] and INSEE (1968-2017)^[5]

Immigration

Place of birth of residents of Créteil in 1999
Born in metropolitan France	Born outside metropolitan France
73.6%	26.4%
	Born in overseas France	Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth¹	EU-15 immigrants²	Non-EU-15 immigrants
	3.9%	4.8%	2.2%	15.5%
¹ This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), as well as to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. A foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics. ² An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

Health

As of 1 January 2006, 27 pharmacies, about 60 dentists, about 60 general practitioners, 10 pediatricians, and a half-dozen ophthalmologists and dermatologists constitute the general medical staff of the city.

Health facilities include:

CHU Henri Mondor, a publicly owned hospital inaugurated on 2 December 1969. Conceived initially for 1,300 beds, its capacity today is 958 beds. It employs more than 3,000 people including more than 2,600 looking after patients. Its expenditure in 2004 was 241M€.
Centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, inaugurated on 3 November 1937. Capacity of reception of 530 in-patients as against 264 in 1937. The construction of this establishment was decided in 1932 by grouping the communes of the Bonneuil-sur-Marne, Creteil and Joinville-le-Pont within an inter-communal syndicate. Saint-Maur-des-Fossés joined this syndicate later. Originally, a number of the hospital personnel were religious sisters. In 2004, 38,037 hospitalizations were listed, with 2,551 childbirths and 12,838 surgical interventions. ] It employs approximately 2,000 people with about 1,600 of them caring for patients in medical or other capacities.
Centre de Transfusion sanguine. The Blood Transfusion Centre of Creteil is run by the inter-communal Hospital. This service treats from 600 to 1,000 requests per day.
Albert Chenevier Hospital. A publicly owned hospital, with a 463-bed capacity. There are 118 beds in the psychiatric ward.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools:

24 preschools^[6]
24 elementary schools^[7]
Eight junior high schools: Clément Guyard, Victor Hugo, Louis Issaurat, Amédée Laplace, Louis Pasteur, Plaissance, Albert Schweitzer, and Simone-de-Beauvoir^[8]
Four high schools: Lycée Léon Blum, Lycée Édouard Branly, Lycée Gutenberg, and Lycée Antoine de Saint-Exupery^[9]

Private schools:

Ozar HaTorah (Jewish school, includes preschool, elementary school,^[10] a junior high school divided into boys' and girls' schools,^[8] and a high school divided into boys' and girls' schools^[9])
De Maillé (elementary school,^[10] junior high school^[8])
Lycée général et technologique de l'ensemble Sainte-Marie^[9]
Lycée d'enseignement supérieur technique privé SUPTEK^[9]

Universities

The city hosts Paris 12 Val de Marne University, officially the Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne University, founded in 1970. Previously known as Université Paris 12 Val de Marne or Université Paris XII, the university serves more than 30,000 students and consists of seven units of formation and research (UFR), namely law, administration, literature, medicine, business & management, educational sciences and technological sciences.