The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Africa, the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Mediterranean's, Africa's and Asia's commerce and culture for millenia, and its intellectual and religious institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.
Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which, under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.
This support has continued to the present, with former President Hosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.
In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President George W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. The former Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, played a role in negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides.
List
List of countries which Egypt maintains diplomatic relations with:
In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.[190]
The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has become a national preoccupation in both countries.[191][192] Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the Nile.[193] Egypt's Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said: "Survival is not a question of choice, but an imperative of nature."[194]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1977, when the first Ambassador of Egypt to Djibouti, Mohamed Samy Heiba, presented his credentials to President Hassan Gouled Aptidon.[197]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1953 when first Libyan Minister to Egypt Ibrahim El-Senoussi present his credentials to General Naguib.[202]
Egypt has an embassy in Tripoli and a consulate-general in Benghazi.
Libya has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.[205][206]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1962 when Mr. Mustafa F. El-Essawi has been accredited as Ambassador of United Arab Republic (Egypt) to Tanganyika with residence in Dar es Salaam.[209]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1922[225]
After the Yom Kippur War, Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's leadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to Anwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and Israel. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the Arab–Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to enhance US–Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countries reestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28, 1974.
Military cooperation
Following the peace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and 2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion in military aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt received about $30 billion in economic aid within the same time frame. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance of US$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 1.85 billion in 2024), and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation adjusted US$ 355 million in 2024).
In 1989 both Egypt and Israel became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.
Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probably the strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. General Anthony Zinni, the former Commandant of the US Central Command (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the most important country in my area of responsibility because of the access it gives me to the region." Egypt was also described during the Clinton Administration as the most prominent player in the Arab world and a key US ally in the Middle East. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part of the administration's strategy to maintaining continued availability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to secure the Suez Canal, which serves both as an important international oil route and as critical route for US warships transiting between the Mediterranean and either the Indian Ocean or the Persian Gulf.
The Egyptian military provides indirect support for the foreign policy of Egypt in the region. Egypt is the strongest military power on the African continent, and the whole Southwest Asia.[226]
Egypt is one of the strongest militaries in the Mediterranean.[226]
War on Terror
Despite differences and periods of friction in relations between the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations under Mubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle East peace process towards an independent bilateral friendship. It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to present moderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arab states to join the peace process and to normalize their relations with the US.
However lately Egyptian-American relations have become a little tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptian unwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the US in its war against international terrorism after the September 11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan during the war and after it. Egypt also opposed US military intervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose US occupation of the country after the war and further refused to comply with US requests to send troops to the country even under a UN umbrella.
The issue of participation in the post-war construction efforts in Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab world as a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it is necessary to wait until Iraq has legal representative government to deal with it. On the other hand, supporters of participation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqis and to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guide the Egyptian action in Iraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis do not agree.
Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2018)
On January 21, 2012, the U.S. Secretary of TransportationRay LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian government into the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt. LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the International Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.[227]
On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities charged LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending money from organizations that were operating in Egypt without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42 charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5 billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt's Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt relations.[228]
On 7 October 2020, in line with Egypt's Vision 2030, US Agency for International Development (USAID) and Egypt's Ministry of International Cooperation signed an agreement to add $22.8 million to the five-year Inclusive Economic Governance bilateral assistance agreement. The funding was intended to improve the investment environment and empower women to join the labor force.[229]
Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize Bangladesh's independence.[239] President Anwar Al Sadat enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladesh Army.
Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies. Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade and economic relationship.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1947[243]
Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between Saad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Six-Day War, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company.
In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.[244]
President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[245]
In 2023 India has invited Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as the chief guest of the 74th Republic Day parade.[246] Also Representing the main branches of the Egyptian armed forces, 144 soldiers participated in the parade.[247]
In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, and Youssef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year, Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[249] Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the late PresidentAnwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relations between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during the Gaza War (2008–09) when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the two countries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8
In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-known".[250] According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also consider reaching such weapons.[251]
Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's "natural role" among Arab countries. In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt's membership. However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq's main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme).
Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian PresidentAnwar Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989.
However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli–Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Egypt has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Eilat.
Israel has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",[252] with embassies mutually established.[253] At present, the two nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic and trade relations.[254]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.[255]
On April 6, 1972, the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto considerations. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.[256] They were severed again in 1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis the Israeli government,[257] and relations were restored on September 25, 1984.
In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met with Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30 trade and economic cooperation agreements had been concluded between the two countries.[259]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé d'Affaires.[266]
Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relations between the two countries were established after Pakistan was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.[citation needed]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1971[267]
Lately, relations have not been at its best. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar, has described the 2013 political transition in Egypt as a "military coup".[268] It is worth mentioning that the main problem between the two governments is the Qatari support to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[268]
The Egyptian government, along with those of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, broke off diplomatic relations with Qatar on 5 June 2017. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry announced it was closing its air and sea ports to Qatari transportation. The Egyptian, Saudi, Bahraini, and Emirati governments cited Qatar's continuing support for "terrorism", such as the Muslim Brotherhood.[269] Islam Hassan argues "Egypt has had troubled relations with Qatar for many years, except of Mohamed Morsi's period in power. The Egyptian government has seen Qatar as a source of instability. TheEgyptian regime also sees that Qatar challenges its rule by financing the Muslim Brotherhood, and other organizations, which the regime has outlawed and consider terrorist organizations. Thus, the Egyptian regime has been trying to push back on Qatar by any means. The current issue between the Saudi bloc and Qatar seemed to be an opportunity to put pressure on Qatar to stop financing the Muslim Brotherhood, its affiliates, and supporters, and to support the Sisi regime."[270][271]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1936 when was signed a Treaty by Egypt and Saudi Arabia in Cairo which included Egypt's recognition of Saudi Arabia as an independent and sovereign state.[272]
Egypt has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro – Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external relations priority for the EU.
Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as its participation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, the first meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.
Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total funds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, national structural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.
The EU is Egypt's biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37% of imports, with the balance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt has risen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypt's main exports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%), and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals (16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a serious but improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on the Egyptian pound.
Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businesses facing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agricultural goods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.
Egypt is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the joint declaration ' A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean', aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.[286]
As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013, when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA).[287]
In August 2014, the European Union discussed the possibility of revising provision of aid to Egypt.[288] However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in[289] and those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.[290] Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of arms and materials that could be used for repression,[289] but fell short to halt aid program which could damage civil society.
Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsi.[291]
In an official statement released at the end of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and incarceration of journalists and activists.[292] At the same time, her later declarations about el-Sisi's bid for presidential candidacy as "difficult" but "brave"[293] sparked harsh criticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of their Anti-Coup Alliance.[294]
In April 2014, the European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in their opinion this would legitimize what they called an unlawful take on power.[295]
A contract for the sale of 30 Rafale fighter jets was signed between the defense ministries of Egypt and France in May 2021. The official value of the contract was not disclosed at first and was later exposed to be worth 3.75 billion euro or $4.5 billion, by an investigative website called Disclose. In December 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron received criticism for not controlling the sale of weapons to Egypt on its poor human rights record, stating counter-terrorism concerns. The Egyptian defense ministry cited that the deal would be supported via a 10-year loan without disclosing its value or any further details. Rights organizations have denounced the deal and accused the French president of overlooking the increasing violation of freedom in Egypt under the regime of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi. France's armed forces, finance, and foreign ministries were unavailable for comment. However, French officials claim that Paris, under one of its policies, is avoiding criticism of countries on their human rights records to work with them effectively in private.[296]
On 3 February 2022, around 175 Members of European Parliament wrote a joint letter to foreign ministers and ambassadors to the UN Human Rights Council and requested them to secure the establishment of a UN human rights monitoring and reporting mechanism on Egypt. The MEPs were concerned that despite devastating human rights crisis in Egypt, the international communities persistently failed to take any meaningful action to address the situation. The Egyptian authorities, under President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi, have "brutally and systematically" repressed all forms of dissent and severely curtailed civic space.[297]
During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.[304]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Egypt Mr. G. H. Ryan de Treschow.[305]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of France to Egypt Henri Gaillard and open Legation (Embassy) of France in Egypt.[308][309]
Both countries share relations since the years BC Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece Since the creation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great, Egypt has had a sizable Greek community, mostly centered around Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.[317]
Relations were established during the period of the Roman Empire and Ancient Egypt. However, during World War II, relations were strained as the Italian and German Troops launched a campaign on Egypt but were defeated by Egyptian and British Forces in the battle of El Alamein. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close.
Egypt has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum has been accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.[322]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1926 when the diplomatic representations from Romania and Egypt were raised to the level of Legation.[327]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Egypt Mr. Silvio F. Vallin.[332]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1935 when Mr. Henri Martin, first Minister of Switzerland to Egypt, presented his letters of credentials.[334]
Official diplomatic relation between both countries date back from 1909, with the opening of a Swiss trade mission in Egypt.
Egypt has an embassy in Bern and a general consulate in Geneva.[335]
Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The Egyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S., U.K. and Saudi Arabia.
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and has supported the Iraqi Governing Council.
On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nuclear double standards" where sanctions are imposed on Iran for enriching uranium, but the Israeli nuclear program is not subject to any control by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[344]
^Sources de l'histoire du Proche-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord dans les archives et bibliothèques françaises: Archives (3 v.) (in French). Commission française du Guide des sources de l'histoire des nations, Unesco. 1984. p. 1198.
^Les Affaires étrangères et le corps diplomatique français Volume 2 (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 1984. p. 414.
^Between East and West: Studies on Turkish Foreign Relations. Isis Press. 2001. p. 266.
^Bulletin de l'Institut intermédiaire international Volume 13 (in French). Institut intermédiaire international (Hague, Netherlands), International Intermediary Institute. 1925. p. 292.
^A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries Volume 13. India. Foreign and Political Department. 1929. p. IX.
^Memoria (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1930. p. 442.
^Austria Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. International Business Publications, USA. 2013. p. 144.
^Béat de Fischer (1956). Contributions à la connaissance des relations suisses-égyptiennes d'environ 100 à 1949 (in French). Presses de la Maison Ramos, Afonso & Moita. p. 167.
^Mémorial A n° 69 de 1935 (in French). Strada lex Luxembourg. p. 1146.
^Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
^"Egypt and Bolivia". State Information Service (Egypt). 21 January 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
^Ahmed Sékou Touré (1959). L'action politique du Parti démocratique de Guinée (in French). Présence Africaine. p. 129. Liste de messieurs les chefs des missions diplomatiques accredites aupres de la Republique de Guinee au 1er Juillet 1959: ... Ambassadeur de la République Arabe - Unie : S. E. M. NAGUIB HAMED EL SADR
^Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 27. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 131-135. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service 1960. p. 24.
^Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 552. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
^Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts 206-210. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960. p. 17.
^Europe, France outremer - Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 119. République arabe unie ( R.A.U. ) : Ambassade B.P. 546 , Ouagadougou . Chargé d'affaires a.i. M. Abbas Zaki Effat
^Mideast Mirror. 1961. p. 19. September 23, 1961 ... The government has appointed Sayed Fahmi Sultan ... to be first ambassador to the Upper Volta.
^Muzart-Fonseca dos Santos, Idelette; Manuel Da Costa Esteves, José; Rolland, Denis (2007). Les îles du Cap-Vert: langues, mémoires, histoire (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 239–240.
^Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 27. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries Volume 13. India. Foreign and Political Department. 1929. p. IX.
^"Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^Sources de l'histoire du Proche-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord dans les archives et bibliothèques françaises: Archives (3 v.) (in French). Commission française du Guide des sources de l'histoire des nations, Unesco. 1984. p. 1198.
^Les Affaires étrangères et le corps diplomatique français Volume 2 (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 1984. p. 414.
^Béat de Fischer (1956). Contributions à la connaissance des relations suisses-égyptiennes d'environ 100 à 1949 (in French). Presses de la Maison Ramos, Afonso & Moita. p. 167.
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Labeobarbus varicostoma Varicorhinus varicostoma TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoCypriniformesFamiliCyprinidaeGenusVaricorhinusSpesiesVaricorhinus varicostoma Tata namaSinonim takson Varicorhinus varicostoma lbs Labeobarbus varicostoma adalah sebuah spesies ikan bersirip kipas dalam genus Labeobarbus. Spesies tersebut adalah endemik di Sungai Lucalla, Angola.[1] Referensi ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). Labeobarbus varicostoma di situs FishBase.…
Jagung manis (Zea mays Kelompok Saccharata) adalah salah satu kelompok budidaya/kelompok kultivar. Jagung manis juga mempunyai peran secara komersial, setelah jagung biasa (juga biasa disebut jagung ladang atau field corn). Keistimewaannya adalah kandungan gula (terutama sukrosa) yang tinggi pada waktu dipanen. Pemanenan untuk produksi selalu dilakukan pada saat muda (tahap masak susu, kira-kira 18-22 hari setelah penyerbukan terjadi). Rasa manis pada waktu panen terjadi karena jagung ini mengal…
Strada statale 646di UcceaDenominazioni precedentiStrada provinciale Tarcento-Vedronza-Uccea-Confine con la Jugoslavia Denominazioni successiveStrada regionale 646 di Uccea LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regioni Friuli-Venezia Giulia DatiClassificazioneStrada statale InizioTarcento FineConfine di Stato con la Slovenia presso Uccea Lunghezza25,300[1] km Provvedimento di istituzioneD.M. 8/06/1977 - G.U. 175 del 29/06/1977[2]D.M. 10/08/1978 - G.U. 245 dell'1/09/1978[3]…
Shatabdi Express train route in India MGR Chennai Central - Mysuru Shatabdi ExpressOverviewService typeShatabdi ExpressStatusOperationalFirst service11 May 1994; 29 years ago (1994-05-11)Current operator(s)Southern RailwaysRouteTerminiChennai Central (MAS)Mysore Junction (MYS)Stops2Distance travelled500 km (310 mi)Average journey time7 hours as 12007 Chennai Central–Mysuru Junction Shatabdi Express, 7 hours 25 mins as 12008 Mysuru Junction–Chennai Central Shatabdi…
العلاقات الفنلندية المصرية فنلندا مصر فنلندا مصر تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الفنلندية المصرية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين فنلندا ومصر.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة فنلندا مصر المس…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Rossi. Cet article est une ébauche concernant un homme politique français. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. André Rossi Buste d'André Rossi à Chézy-sur-Marne. Fonctions Député français 23 juin 1988 – 22 août 1994(6 ans, 1 mois et 30 jours) Élection 12 juin 1988 Réélection 28 mars 1993 Circonscription 5e de l'Aisne Législature IXe et Xe (…
Yoruba CanadiansTotal population16,210 (2016 Canadian Census)[1]Regions with significant populationsOntario, Alberta, Quebec, British ColumbiaLanguagesCanadian English, Canadian French, YorubaReligionIslam, Christianity, Yoruba religionRelated ethnic groupsYoruba people, Nigerian Canadians, Black Canadians, Yoruba Americans, Nigerian Americans, Beninese Americans, African Americans Part of a series onYorùbá people Art Architecture Culture Language Music Mythology Subgroups Ana (Ifɛ̀)…
Species of lizard Rusty-topped delma Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Pygopodidae Genus: Delma Species: D. borea Binomial name Delma boreaKluge, 1974 The rusty-topped delma (Delma borea) is a species of lizard in the Pygopodidae family endemic to Australia.[2] References ^ Oliver, P.; Shea, G.; Ellis, R.; Cogger, H. (2017). Delma borea. …
1951 1958 Élections législatives de 1956 dans le Gard le 2 janvier 1956 Type d’élection Élection législative Postes à élire 5 députés Corps électoral et résultats Inscrits 248 922 Votants 204 630 82,21 % 1,9 Votes exprimés 200 074 Parti communiste français Voix 69 730 34,85 % 2,9 Sièges obtenus 2 Union et fraternité française Liste Union et fraternité françaiseDéfense des intérêts agricoles et viticolesAc…
Pondasi batu peringatan kuil Ninsun didedikasikan oleh Warad-Dosa, Museum Louvre Warad-Sin merupakan seorang penguasa di Timur Dekat kuno negara-kota Larsa dari tahun 1770 SM sampai 1758 SM (kronologi pendek). Terdapat indikasi bahwa ayahandanya Kudur-Mabuk rekan-pemangku takhta atau paling tidak kekuatan di balik takhta. Adiknya En-ane-du adalah imam tinggi dewa bulan di Ur. [1] [2] [3] Tawarikh yang selamat untuk pemerintahan lengkapnya selama 12 tahun mencatat bahwa pa…
2nd governor-general of Jamaica The Most HonourableSir Clifford CampbellON GCMG GCVO KStJ2nd Governor-General of JamaicaIn office1 December 1962 – 28 February 1973MonarchElizabeth IIPrime Minister Alexander Bustamante Donald Sangster Hugh Shearer Preceded byKenneth BlackburneSucceeded byHerbert Duffus (acting) Personal detailsBornClifford Clarence Campbell(1892-06-28)28 June 1892Petersfield, JamaicaDied28 September 1991(1991-09-28) (aged 99)Political partyJamaica Labo…
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (April 2022) Expendable launch system by SpaceX Falcon 1Falcon 1 rocketFunctionOrbital launch vehicleManufacturerSpaceXCountry of originUnited StatesProject costUS$90 millionCost per launchUS$7 millionSizeHeight21 m (69 ft)Diameter1.7 m (5.6 ft)Mass28 t (62,000 lb)Stages2Cap…
Ligand-gated ion channels Lig_chanx-ray structure of the glur6 ligand binding core (s1s2a) in complex with glutamate at 1.65 a resolutionIdentifiersSymbolLig_chanPfamPF00060Pfam clanCL0030InterProIPR001320SCOP21gr2 / SCOPe / SUPFAMTCDB1.A.10OPM superfamily8OPM protein3kg2Available protein structures:Pfam structures / ECOD PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter glut…
Daftar ini berisi anggota-anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Serikat (DPR-RIS). DPR-RIS memiliki 151 anggota yang mewakili negara/entitas masing-masing. Negara terbesar di RIS, yakni Republik Indonesia, diwakili oleh 50 anggota, sedangkan entitas seperti Bangka, Belitung, Riau, Dayak Besar, Kalimantan Tenggara, dan Kalimantan Timur, hanya diwakili oleh dua anggota. Berbeda dengan anggota Senat RIS yang mewakili negara/entitas saja, kota Sabang dan Kotawaringin juga memiliki satu …