Zheng Chenggong, Prince of Yanping (Chinese: 鄭成功; pinyin: Zhèng Chénggōng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tīⁿ Sêng-kong; 27 August 1624 – 23 June 1662), better known internationally as Koxinga (Chinese: 國姓爺; pinyin: Guóxìngyé; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kok-sèng-iâ), was a Southern Ming general who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century, fighting them on China's southeastern coast.
In 1638, Zheng became a Xiucai (秀才, lit. "successful candidate") in the imperial examination and became one of the twelve Linshansheng (廩膳生) of Nan'an. In 1641, Koxinga married the niece of Dong Yangxian, an official who was a Jinshi from Hui'an. In 1644, Koxinga studied at the Guozijian (Imperial University), where he met the scholar Qian Qianyi and became his student.[12][13]
In 1644, following the fall of Beijing to rebels led by Li Zicheng, the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on a tree in modern-day Jingshan Park in Beijing. Manchu armies aided by Wu Sangui's forces defeated the rebels and took the city. The Ming remnant forces retreated to Nanjing where they put Prince Fu on the throne as the Hongguang Emperor in an attempt to continue the Ming dynasty in the south. The next year, the Manchu armies led by Dodo advanced south and conquered Yangzhou and Nanjing while the Ming leader defending Yangzhou, Shi Kefa, was killed and the Hongguang emperor was captured and executed.[citation needed]
Under the Longwu Emperor
In 1645, the Prince of Tang was installed on the throne of the Southern Ming as the Longwu Emperor with support from Zheng Zhilong and his family.[14] The Longwu Emperor established his court in Fuzhou, which was controlled by the Zhengs. In the later part of the year, Prince Lu proclaimed himself regent (監國) in Shaoxing and established his own court there. Although Prince Lu and Longwu's regimes stemmed from the same dynasty, each pursued different goals.
Owing to the natural defenses of Fujian and the military resources of the Zheng family, the emperor was able to remain safe for some time.[15] The Longwu Emperor granted Zheng Zhilong's son, Zheng Sen, a new given name, Chenggong (成功; Chénggōng; Sêng-kong; 'success'), and the title of Koxinga ("Lord of the Imperial Surname").[15] One of his cousins also had it.[16]
In 1646, Koxinga first led the Ming armies to resist the Manchu invaders and won the favor of the Longwu Emperor. The Longwu Emperor's reign in Fuzhou was brief, as Zheng Zhilong refused to support his plans for a counteroffensive against the rapidly expanding forces of the newly established Qing dynasty by the Manchus. Zheng Zhilong ordered the defending general of Xianxia Pass (仙霞關), Shi Fu (a.k.a. Shi Tianfu, a relative of Shi Lang), to retreat to Fuzhou even when Qing armies approached Fujian. For this reason, the Qing army faced little resistance when it conquered the north of the pass. In September 1646, Qing armies broke through the inadequately defended mountain passes and entered Fujian. Zheng Zhilong retreated to his coastal fortress and the Longwu Emperor faced the Qing armies alone. Longwu's forces were destroyed; he was captured and was executed in October 1646.[17]
Zheng Zhilong's surrender and the death of Tagawa
The Qing forces sent envoys to meet Zheng Zhilong secretly and offered to appoint him as the governor of both Fujian and Guangdong provinces if he would surrender to the Qing. Zheng Zhilong agreed and ignored the objections of his family, surrendering himself to the Qing forces in Fuzhou on 21 November 1646.[18] Koxinga and his uncles were left as the successors to the leadership of Zheng Zhilong's military forces. Koxinga operated outside Xiamen and recruited many to join his cause in a few months. He used the superiority of his naval forces to launch amphibious raids on Manchu-occupied territory in Fujian and he managed to take Tong'an in Quanzhou prefecture in early 1647. However, Koxinga's forces lacked the ability to defend the newly occupied territory.[19]
Following the fall of Tong'an to Zheng, the Manchus launched a counterattack in the spring of 1647, during which they stormed the Zheng family's hometown of Anping. Koxinga's mother, Lady Tagawa, had come from Japan in 1645 to join her family in Fujian (Koxinga's younger brother, Tagawa Shichizaemon, remained in Japan).[20] She did not follow her husband to surrender to the Qing dynasty. She was caught by Manchu forces in Anping and committed suicide after refusal to submit to the enemy, according to traditional accounts.[21]
Resistance to the Qing
By 1650, Koxinga was strong enough to establish himself as the head of the Zheng family.[21] He pledged allegiance to the Yongli Emperor of Southern Ming, who created him Prince of Yanping (延平王).[23] The Yongli Emperor was fleeing from the Manchus with a motley court and hastily assembled army. Despite one fruitless attempt, Koxinga was unable to do anything to aid the last Ming emperor.[21] Instead, he decided to concentrate on securing his own position on the southeast coast.
Koxinga had a series of military successes in 1651 and 1652 that increased the Qing government's anxiety over the threat he posed.[24] Zheng Zhilong wrote a letter to his son from Beijing, presumably at the request of the Shunzhi Emperor and the Qing government, urging his son to negotiate with the Manchurians. The long series of negotiations between Koxinga and the Qing dynasty lasted until November 1654. The negotiations ultimately failed. The Qing government then appointed Prince Jidu (son of Jirgalang) to lead an attack on Koxinga's territory after this failure.[25]
On 9 May 1656, Jidu's armies attacked Kinmen (Quemoy), an island near Xiamen that Koxinga had been using to train his troops. Partly as a result of a major storm, the Manchus were defeated, and they lost most of their fleet in the battle.[26] Koxinga had sent one of his naval commanders to capture Zhoushan island prior to Jidu's attack,[27] and now that the Manchus were temporarily without an effective naval force in the Fujian area, Koxinga was free to send a huge army to Zhoushan, which he intended to use as a base to capture Nanjing.
Despite capturing many counties in his initial attack due to surprise and having the initiative, Koxinga announced the final battle in Nanjing ahead of time giving plenty of time for the Qing to prepare because he wanted a decisive, single grand showdown like his father successfully did against the Dutch at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay, throwing away the surprise and initiative which led to its failure. Koxinga's attack on Qing held Nanjing which would interrupt the supply route of the Grand Canal leading to possible starvation in Beijing caused such fear that the Manchus considered returning to Manchuria and abandoning China according to a 1671 account by a French missionary.[28] The commoners and officials in Beijing and Nanjing were waiting to support whichever side won. An official from Qing Beijing sent letters to family and another official in Nanjing, telling them all communication and news from Nanjing to Beijing had been cut off, that the Qing were considering abandoning Beijing and moving their capital far away to a remote location for safety since Koxinga's iron troops were rumored to be invincible. The letter said it reflected the grim situation being felt in Qing Beijing. The official told his children in Nanjing to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself was preparing to do. Koxinga's forces intercepted these letters and after reading them Koxinga may have started to regret his deliberate delays allowing the Qing to prepare for a final massive battle instead of swiftly attacking Nanjing.[29]
Koxinga's Ming loyalists fought against a majority Han Chinese Bannermen Qing army when attacking Nanjing. The siege lasted almost three weeks, beginning on 24 August. Koxinga's forces were unable to maintain a complete encirclement, which enabled the city to obtain supplies and even reinforcements — though cavalry attacks by the city's forces were successful even before reinforcements arrived. Koxinga's forces were defeated and slipped back to the ships which had brought them.[30]
In Taiwan
In 1661, Koxinga led his troops on a landing at Lakjemuyse[31] to attack the Dutch colonists in Dutch Formosa.[32][33] Koxinga said to the Dutch "Hitherto this island had always belonged to China, and the Dutch had doubtless been permitted to live there, seeing that the Chinese did not require it for themselves; but requiring it now, it was only fair that Dutch strangers, who came from far regions, should give way to the masters of the island."[34]
The Taiwanese Aboriginal tribes, who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652, now turned against the Dutch during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia by defecting to Koxinga's Chinese forces.[35] The Aboriginals (Formosans) of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty and proceeded to work for the Chinese, beheading Dutch people. The frontier Aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and by destroying Dutch Protestant school textbooks.[36]
On 1 February 1662, the Dutch Governor of Formosa, Frederick Coyett, surrendered Fort Zeelandia to Koxinga. According to Frederick Coyett's own self-justifying account written after the siege, Koxinga's life was saved at the end of the siege by a certain Hans Jurgen Radis of Stockaert, a Dutch defector who strongly advised him against visiting the ramparts of the fort after he had taken it, which Radis knew would be blown up by the retreating Dutch forces.[37] This claim of a Dutch defector only appears in Coyett's account and Chinese records make no mention of any defector. In the peace treaty, Koxinga was styled "Lord Teibingh Tsiante Teysiancon Koxin" (simplified Chinese: 大明招讨大将军国姓; traditional Chinese: 大明招討大將軍國姓; pinyin: Dàmíng Zhāotǎo Dàjiāngjūn Guóxìng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tāibêng Chiauthó Tāichiang-kun Kok-sìⁿ; lit. 'Great Ming Commander in Chief of the Punitive Expedition (Lord) Imperial-Surname').[38] This effectively ended 38 years of Dutch rule on Taiwan. Koxinga then devoted himself to transforming Taiwan into a military base for loyalists who wanted to restore the Ming dynasty.
Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen and farming tools and teach farming techniques to the Taiwanese Aboriginals, giving them Ming gowns and caps and gifting tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathering in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch.[39]
In 1662, Koxinga's forces raided several towns in the Philippines. Koxinga's chief advisor was an Italian friar named Vittorio Riccio, whom he sent to Manila to demand tribute from the colonial government of the Spanish East Indies, threatening to expel the Spaniards if his demands were not met.[40] The Spanish refused to pay the tribute and reinforced the garrisons around Manila, but the planned attack never took place due to Koxinga's sudden death in that year after expelling the Dutch from Taiwan.[41]
Koxinga's threat to invade the islands and expel the Spanish was an important factor in the Spanish failure to conquer the MuslimMoro people in Mindanao. The threat of Chinese invasion forced the Spanish to withdraw their forces to Manila. They immediately evacuated their fort on Zamboanga in Mindanao following Koxinga's threats. They left some troops in Jolo and by Lake Lanao to engage the Moro in protracted conflict. They permanently abandoned their colony in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas) and withdraw their soldiers from there to Manila.
Tonio Andrade judged that Koxinga would most likely have been able to defeat the Spanish if the threatened invasion had taken place.[42]
Death
Koxinga died of malaria in June 1662, only a few months after defeating the Dutch in Taiwan, at the age of 37. There were speculations that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry out his orders to execute his son Zheng Jing. Zheng Jing had had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her.[43] Zheng Jing succeeded his father as the King of Tungning.
As he descended into death, Koxinga relented and agreed to let his son Zheng Jing succeed him. Koxinga died as he passed into delirium and madness and expressed his regrets to his family and father.[44]
According to Antony, "Although his heirs continued to resist the Qing for another twenty years, the death of Zheng Chonggong began the downturn of family fortunes."[45]
Zheng Chenggong’s short but eventful career was characterized by family tension and conflicting loyalties. The title of Koxinga ("Lord of the Imperial Surname") was one that Zheng himself used during his lifetime to emphasize his status as an adopted son of the deposed imperial house, so it was also a declaration of ongoing support to the Ming dynasty.[46] Despite his deliberate self-identification as the noble, loyal vassal of a vanquished master, Koxinga’s actual relationship with the Longwu Emperor lasted only twelve months or so, beginning in September 1645 and ending with the Emperor's death the following year.[47] Although many secondary sources claim that the two men shared a "close bond of affection", there is an absence of any reliable contemporary evidence on Koxinga’s relationship with the Longwu Emperor.[48]
In contrast, Koxinga's father Zheng Zhilong left his Japanese wife not long after the birth of his son;[49] Koxinga was a boy of seven when he finally joined his father on the Fujianese coast.[50] It seems that Zheng Zhilong recognized his son’s talent and encouraged him in his studies and the pursuit of a career as a scholar-official, which would legitimize the power the Zheng family had acquired, using sometimes questionable means.[12] Zheng Zhilong’s defection to the Qing must have seemed opportunistic and in stark contrast to Koxinga’s continued loyalty to the Ming. But it is difficult to deny that in refusing to submit to the Qing, Koxinga was risking the life of his father, and that the subsequent death of Zheng Zhilong could only be justified by claiming loyalty to the Ming.[51] It has even been suggested that Koxinga’s fury at the incestuous relationship between his son, Zheng Jing, and a younger son’s wet nurse was due to the fact that strict Confucian morality had played such a crucial role in justifying his lack of filial behaviour.[48]
The one possible exception to this may have been his relationship with his mother, which has generally been described as being extremely affectionate, particularly in Chinese and Japanese sources.[52] Their time together, however, was apparently very short – despite frequent entreaties from Zheng Zhilong for her to join him in China,[53] Koxinga’s mother was only reunited with her son some time in 1645, and a year later she was killed when the Qing took Xiamen.[54]
A portrait of Zheng was in the hands of Yuchun who was his descendant in the eight generation.[55]
Koxinga's descendants live in both mainland China and Taiwan and descendants of his brother Shichizaemon live in Japan. His descendants through his grandson Zheng Keshuang served as Bannermen in Beijing until 1911 when the Xinhai revolution broke out and the Qing dynasty fell, after which they moved back to Anhai and Nan'an in southern Fujian. They still live there to this day.[56] His descendants through one of his sons Zheng Kuan live in Taiwan.[57]
One of Koxinga's descendants on mainland China, Zheng Xiaoxuan 鄭曉嵐, fought against the Japanese invaders in the Second Sino-Japanese War. His son Zheng Chouyu [zh] was born in Shandong in mainland China and called himself a "child of the resistance" against Japan and he became a refugee during the war, moving from place to place across China to avoid the Japanese. He moved to Taiwan in 1949 and focuses his poetry work on building stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China.[58] Zheng Chouyu identified as Chinese. He felt alienated after he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949 which was previously under Japanese rule and felt strange and foreign to him.[59] Chouyu is Koxinga's 11th generation descendant and his original name is Zheng Wenji.[60]
"Koxinga: Chronicles of the Tei Family" was written by R. A. B. Posonby-Fane.[61]
Zheng Jing ( 鄭經延平王; 25 October 1642 – 17 March 1681), Prince of Yanping, first son
Zheng Cong (輔政公 鄭聰), Duke Fu of Zheng, second son
Zheng Yu (鄭裕;1660–1737), seventh son
Lady Chuang (莊氏)
Zheng Ming (鄭明), third son
Zheng Rui (鄭睿), fourth son
Zheng Zhi (鄭智;1660–1695), fifth son
Lady Wen (溫氏)
Zheng Kuan (鄭寬), sixth son
Zheng Rou (鄭柔), ninth son
Lady Shi (史氏)
Zheng Wen (鄭溫;1662–1704), eight son
Lady Chai (蔡氏)
Zheng Fa (鄭發), tenth son
Unknown:
four daughters
Concubine
In 1661, during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia, Koxinga executed Dutch missionary Antonius Hambroek and took his teenage daughter as a concubine.[62][63] Other Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their "wives".[64] In 1684 some of these Dutch wives were still captives of the Chinese.[65]
Personality
Koxinga was reputed to be mentally unstable: to have a vicious temper and a tendency towards ordering executions. While this might be explained by the trauma of his family being killed by the Qing army and his mother's reported suicide (in order to prevent capture by the Qing), it was also speculated that he suffered from syphilis, a suspicion held by a Dutch doctor, Christian Beyer, who treated him.[66]
Vittorio Riccio, a Dominican missionary who knew Koxinga,[67][better source needed] noted that Koxinga held samurai ideals on bravery, used "feigned and hearty laughter" to show anger, and adhered to bushido because of his samurai training and his Japanese upbringing.[68] One Spanish missionary proffered a personal opinion that his bad temper and reported propensity for violence was due to Japanese heritage; however, this same missionary's account of the number of executions attributed to Koxinga was greatly exaggerated.[69]
Koxinga suffered from "depressive insanity" and mental illness according to Dr. Li Yengyue.[70][71]
Modern-day legacy and influences
Worship
It is debated whether he was clean-shaven or wore a beard.[72]
Koxinga's army also brought the Qinxi fraternal brotherhood into Taiwan, of which some of his army were members of the organization. In the present day, the Qinxi currently exists in Taiwan. The Hongmen are associated with them.[74]
Tokugawa Japan imported books from Qing China including works on the Zheng family. The Qing built a shrine to commemorate Koxinga to counteract the Japanese and French in Taiwan in the 19th century.[75] Zheng Juzhong's books Zheng Chenggong zhuan was imported to Japan and reprinted in 1771.[76][77]
Koxinga is regarded as a hero in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and Japan, but historical narratives regarding Koxinga frequently differ in explaining his motives and affiliation. Japan treats him as a native son and emphasized his maternal link to Japan in propaganda during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan.[78][79] The People's Republic of China considers Koxinga a national hero for driving the imperialist Dutch away from Taiwan and establishing ethnic Chinese rule over the island.[78][79] On mainland China, Koxinga is honoured as the "Conqueror of Taiwan, Great Rebel-Quelling General"[80] a military hero who brought Taiwan back within the Han Chinese sphere of influence through expanded economic, trade and cultural exchanges. In China, Koxinga is honoured without the religious overtones found in Taiwan.[81][clarification needed]
The Republic of China, which withdrew to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War, regards Koxinga as a patriot who also retreated to Taiwan and used it as a base to launch counterattacks against the Qing dynasty of mainland China (drawing parallels to the Republic of China's hypothetical reclamation of the mainland, comparing the ROC to the Ming dynasty and the PRC to the Qing dynasty). In Taiwan, Koxinga is honored as the island’s most respected saint for expelling the Dutch and seen as the original ancestor of a free Taiwan, and is known as Kaishan Shengwang, or "the Sage King who Opened up Taiwan"[81] and as "The Yanping Prince",[82] referring to the Kingdom of Tungning, which he established in modern-day Tainan.
In Taiwan, Koxinga is remembered and revered as a divine national hero with hundreds of temples, schools, tertiary educations, and other public centers named in his honor. Koxinga is accredited with replacing Dutch colonial rule with a more modern political system. Furthermore, Koxinga transformed Taiwan into an agrarian society through the introduction of new agricultural methods such as the proliferation of iron farming tools and new farming methods with cattle. For these reasons, Koxinga is often associated with "hints of [a] consciousness of Taiwanese independence,"[80] although Koxinga himself wanted Taiwan unified with the rest of China. Great care was taken to symbolize support for the Ming legitimacy, an example being the use of the term guan instead of bu to name departments, since the latter is reserved for central government, whereas Taiwan was to be a regional office of the rightful Ming rule of China.[83]
^Wills (1974), p. 28 and Keene (1950), p. 46 both agree that Zheng's wife's surname was "Dong" (董). Clements (2004), p. 92 however, claims her name was "Deng Cuiying". Chang (1995), p. 740 introduces her as "Tung Ts'ui-ying", which would be "Dong Cuiying" in Hanyu Pinyin.
^Carioti, "The Zhengs' Maritime Power in the International Context of the 17th Century Far East Seas: The Rise of a 'Centralised Piratical Organisation' and Its Gradual Development into an Informal 'State'", p. 41, n. 29.
^Yan Xing. 臺南與鄭成功 [Tainan and Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)]. Tainan Literature and History Research Database. National Museum of Taiwan History. Retrieved 12 February 2021. 這時成功意志堅决,便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動,以金,厦兩島爲根據地地,不斷地向閩,浙東南一進攻,奉永明王永曆正朔 [Then Chenggong (Koxinga) resolutely and independently advocated for the movement to resist the Manchus and restore Ming, with bases in Kinmen and Xiamen, continuously attacked southeastern Min (Fujian) and Zhejiang, pledged to serve the Youngli emperor of Ming].
^Borao, José Eugenio (2010). The Spanish experience in Taiwan, 1626–1642: the Baroque ending of a Renaissance endeavor. Hong Kong University Press. p. 199. ISBN978-962-209-083-5. JSTORj.ctt1xcrpk.
^Antony, Robert (2003). Like Froth Floating on the Sea: The World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 32–33. ISBN9781557290786.
^Kennedy, Brian; Guo, Elizabeth (2008). Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey (2nd, illustrated ed.). Berkeley, CA: Blue Snake. p. 152. ISBN978-1-58394-194-2. OCLC182663920. The Qinxi Tong is an example of a non-criminal fraternal organization. The original Qinxi group in Taiwan was made up of men who had been part of Koxinga's forces...affiliation with...the Hung Men...The Taiwanese Qinxi fraternal organization is still active, teaching martial arts and engaging in other activities.
^ abAndrade, Tonio (25 May 2012). "Foreigners Under Fire". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
^ abWong Kwok Wah (14 March 2002). "One Hero, Two Interpretations". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Wills, John E. Jr. (2006). "The Seventeenth-century Transformation: Taiwan under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime". In Rubinstein, Murray A. (ed.). Taiwan: A New History. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 84–106. ISBN9780765614957.
Keene, Donald (1950). The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance. London: Taylor’s Foreign Press.
Meij, Philip. Daghregister van Philip Meij: Het naervolgende sijnde 't geene per memorie onthouden van 't gepasseerde in 't geweldigh overvallen des Chinesen mandorijns Cocxinja op Formosa en geduijrende ons gevanckenis, beginnende 30 April 1661 en eijndigende 4 Februarij 1662. Dutch National Archive, VOC 1238: 848–914.
Paske-Smith, M. Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, 1603–1868. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1968.
Wang Chong (2008). Interpreting Zheng Chenggong: The Politics of Dramatizing a Historical Figure in Japan, China, and Taiwan (1700–1963) (in German). VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. ISBN978-3-639-09266-0.
Struve, Lynn A. (1984). The Southern Ming 1644–1662. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-03057-0.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2009). "Chapter 2: Taiwan's Seventeenth-Century Rulers: The Dutch, the Spaniards, and Koxinga". Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 19–45. ISBN978-0-7656-2328-7.
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C., eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-24332-2. OCLC461974161.
Wills, John E. Jr. (1974). Pepper, Guns, and Parleys: The Dutch East India Company and China, 1622–1681. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC122361616.
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2018 adventure-platform game For the painter, see Juan Gris. For other uses, see Gris (disambiguation). 2018 video gameGrisCover art, showing the game's protagonistDeveloper(s)Nomada StudioPublisher(s)Devolver DigitalDirector(s)Conrad RosetProducer(s)Roger MendozaDesigner(s)Óscar CregoDaniel Cuadrado GonzálezProgrammer(s)Adrián CuevasArtist(s)Conrad RosetComposer(s)BerlinistEngineUnityPlatform(s)macOSNintendo SwitchWindowsiOSPlayStation 4AndroidPlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series X/SReleasemacOS…
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu PolitikRumpun Ilmu Sosial dan HumanioraUniversitas IndonesiaFISIP UISignature FISIP UI[1]Nama sebelumnyaFakultas Ilmu-ilmu SosialJenisPerguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum[2]Didirikan1 Februari 1968 (bernama FIPK UI) DekanProf. Dr. Semiarto Aji PurwantoLokasiDepok, Jawa Barat, 16424, IndonesiaKampusUrbanAlamatFakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Jalan Prof. Dr. Selo Soemardjan, Kampus UI DepokWarnaJingga Situs webhttps://fisip.ui.ac.id/ Informas…
Nederlandse Omroep StichtingNama sebelumnyaNRU, NTS (penggabungan)JenisPenyiaran layanan publik, Jaringan beritaNegaraBelandaKantor pusatHilversum, BelandaPemilikPemerintah BelandaSitus webnos.nl Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (pelafalan dalam bahasa Belanda: [ˈneːdərˌlɑntsə ˈɔmrup ˌstɪxtɪŋ]; singkatan NOS [ˌɛnoːˈɛs]), Indonesia: Yayasan Penyiaran Belanda, adalah salah satu organisasi penyiaran yang masuk sistem Penyiaran Publik Belanda. Organisasi tersebut me…
Tai SomAgamaAfiliasiHinduProvinsiSiem ReapLokasiLokasiAngkor ThomNegaraKambojaArsitekturTipeBayonDibuat olehJayawarman VII Tai Som (Bahasa Khmer: ប្រាសាទតាសោម) adalah sebuah candi kecil di Angkor, Cambodia, dibangun pada akhir abad ke-12 untuk Raja Jayawarman VII. Raja tersebut mendedikasikan candi ini kepada ayahnya Dharanindrawarman II (Paramanishkalapada) yang merupakan Raya Kekaisaran Khmer dari 1150 sampai 1160. Galeri Gapura Relief apsara Kepala Referensi Pranal…
For other St. Bartholomew's churches, see St. Bartholomew's Church. Church in Atlanta, GeorgiaSt. Bartholomew's Episcopal ChurchSt. Bartholomew's Episcopal ChurchWhoever you are, wherever you are on your journey, you are welcome to this place and to this table.Location1790 LaVista Road, Atlanta, GeorgiaDenominationEpiscopal ChurchWebsitestbartsatlanta.orgHistoryFounded1954DedicationSt BartholomewConsecratedAugust 24, 1996AdministrationProvinceIVDioceseAtlantaDeaneryEast AtlantaClergyBishop(s)Rob…
Disused railway station in North Yorkshire, England Temple HirstThe former station in 1992General informationLocationTemple Hirst, North YorkshireEnglandCoordinates53°43′04″N 1°05′21″W / 53.7179°N 1.0893°W / 53.7179; -1.0893Grid referenceSE602250Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyNorth Eastern RailwayPre-groupingNorth Eastern RailwayPost-groupingLNERKey dates2 January 1871 (1871-01-02)Opened6 March 1961Closed to passe…
Voce principale: Patrimonio dell'umanità. Suddivisione dei patrimoni UNESCO per nazione (2018) Segue la lista dei patrimoni dell'umanità per nazione. Indice 1 Africa 2 America 3 Asia 4 Europa 5 Oceania 6 Transfrontalieri 7 Voci correlate 8 Altri progetti 9 Collegamenti esterni Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Camerun Capo Verde Ciad Costa d'Avorio Egitto Eritrea Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Kenya Lesotho Libia Madagascar Malawi Mali Marocco Mauritania Mauritius Mozambico …
جامع النعمانية الكبير معلومات عامة القرية أو المدينة محافظة واسط/ قضاء النعمانية الدولة العراق تاريخ بدء البناء 1272هـ/1855م المواصفات المساحة 1184م2 عدد المآذن 1 التفاصيل التقنية المواد المستخدمة الطابوق التصميم والإنشاء النمط المعماري إسلامية المقاول عادلة خاتون تعديل مصدري -…
American TV series or program Jeff Dunham: All Over the MapGenreComedyWritten byJeff DunhamDirected byRob Dipple (listed as Robb Dipple)StarringJeff DunhamTheme music composerTed AndreadisJohnny GriparicCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersJudi Brown-MarmelJeff DunhamRobert HartmannStu SchreibergSaul Friedman (Vice-President of Production)ProducersJohn AsherNeil A. Sheridan (listed as Neil Sheridan)Jeff Rothpan (supervising producer)Production locati…