North Andes Plate

North Andes Plate
North Andes Plate
	North Andes Plate (note: outdated Nazca Plate)
Type	Micro
Movement1	North-west
Speed1	23mm/year
Features	Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela
	1Relative to the African Plate

The North Andes Plate or North Andes Block is a small tectonic plate (microplate) located in the northern Andes. It is squeezed between the faster moving South American Plate and the Nazca Plate to the southwest. Due to the subduction of the Coiba and Malpelo plates, this area is very prone to volcanic and seismic activity, with many historical earthquakes.

Boundaries

The North Andes Plate is bound by (clockwise from north):

Caribbean Plate
South American Plate
Malpelo Plate — considered a part of the Nazca Plate before 2017^[1]
Coiba Plate — considered a part of the Nazca Plate before 2016^[2]
Panama Plate

Terranes

The Colombian part of the North Andes Plate is subdivided into several terranes:^[3]

Terranes belonging to the Colombian part of the North Andes Plate
Abbr	Name	Age range	Basins	Complexes	Ranges	Departments	Comments	Notes
CHT	Chibcha	Mesoproterozoic	• Catatumbo • Cesar-Ranchería • Eastern Cordillera (Altiplano Cundiboyacense - Bogotá) • VMM • VSM	Ariarí, Garzón, Floresta, Quetame, Santander	Central, Eastern, Perijá, SNSM, San Lucas, La Macarena	Antioquia, Arauca, Bogotá, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Putumayo, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima	Largest terrane, named after Chibcha	^[4]^[5]^[6]
CHT	Chibcha	Neoproterozoic		Ariarí, Garzón, Floresta, Quetame, Santander	Central, Eastern, Perijá, SNSM, San Lucas, La Macarena		Largest terrane, named after Chibcha	^[4]^[5]^[6]
TA	Anacona	Devonian	none	Anacona	Central	Antioquia	Tiny terrane
TA	Anacona	Carboniferous	none	Anacona	Central	Antioquia	Tiny terrane
TT	Tahamí	Permian	• Amagá • Cocinetas • VIM	Antioquia	Central, Macuira, SNSM	Antioquia, Bolívar, Caldas, Cauca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, Risaralda, Sucre, Valle del Cauca	Most extensive terrane
TT	Tahamí	Triassic	• Amagá • Cocinetas • VIM	Antioquia	Central, Macuira, SNSM		Most extensive terrane
TAR	Arquía	Early Cretaceous	none	Arquía	Central	Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca	Thinly banded terrane	^[7]^[8]^[9]
TQ	Quebradagrande	Early Cretaceous	none	Quebradagrande	Central	Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca	Thinly banded terrane	^[7]^[9]^[10] ^[11]^[12]^[13]
TC	Caribe	Late Cretaceous	• Cauca-Patía • Chocó • Sinú-San Jacinto • Tumaco • Urabá	Santa Cecilia-La Equis	Central, Western, Darién, Baudó, Montes de María	Antioquia, Atlántico, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Sucre, Valle del Cauca	El Totumo
TLG	La Guajira	Late Cretaceous	• La Guajira	Etpana, Macuira	Macuira, SNSM	La Guajira, Magdalena	Tayrona, Cabo de la Vela

Tectonics

Subduction of the Coiba Plate underneath the North Andes Plate causes frequent earthquakes in the Bucaramanga Nest, the most seismically active area in the world. The Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault stretches along the plate for more than 600 kilometers from north to south. The plate boundary with the South American Plate is most tectonically active along a more than 900 kilometer long megaregional fault system; the Eastern Frontal Fault System.

This fault system, extending into Ecuador and Venezuela all along the northern Andes, separates the terranes from the North Andes Plate from:^[3]

South American Plate features bordering the Chibcha Terrane of the North Andes Plate
Abbr	Name	Age range	Basins	Complexes	Ranges	Departments	Comments	Notes
PRNJ	Río Negro-Juruena Province	Paleoproterozoic	• Llanos • Putumayo • Amazonas	Mitú, Parguaza, Guaviare	Chiribiquete, Mavecure	Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada	Part of Amazonian Craton	^[14]^[15]

References

^ Zhang et al., 2017
^ Chiarabba et al., 2016, p.22
^ ^a ^b Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ ^a ^b Plancha 364
^ Plancha 365
^ ^a ^b Plancha 387
^ Plancha 410
^ Plancha 411
^ Plancha 429
^ Plancha 430
^ Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

Bibliography

Manosalva Sánchez, Sandra Rocío; Naranjo Merchán, Wilson Enario; Ríos Reyes, Carlos Alberto; Amorocho Parra, Ricardo; Castellanos Alarcón, Oscar Mauricio (2017), "Estudio petrogenetico de las rocas metamorficas del Macizo de Floresta, Cordillera Oriental, Andes Colombianos", Boletín de Geología, 39: 83–103, doi:10.18273/revbol.v39n1-2017004, retrieved 2019-10-26
Zhang, Tuo; Gordon, Richard G.; Mishra, Jay K.; Wang, Chengzu (2017), The Malpelo Plate Hypothesis and implications for nonclosure of the Cocos-Nazca-Pacific plate motion circuit, AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans, p. 1, retrieved 2018-06-06
Bonilla, Amed; Frantz, José Carlos; Charão Marques, Juliana; Cramer, Thomas; Franco, José Alejandro; Amaya, Zeze (2016), "Magmatismo rapakivi en la cuenca media del río Inírida, departamento de Guainía, Colombia", Boletín de Geología, 38: 17–32, doi:10.18273/revbol.v38n1-2016001, retrieved 2019-10-26
Chiarabba, Claudio; De Gori, Pasquale; Faccenna, Claudio; Speranza, Fabio; Seccia, Danilo; Dionicio, Viviana; Prieto, German A. (2016), "Subduction system and flat slab beneath the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia", Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17 (1): 16–27, Bibcode:2016GGG....17...16C, doi:10.1002/2015GC006048, retrieved 2018-06-06
Gómez Tapias, Jorge; Montes Ramírez, Nohora E.; Almanza Meléndez, María F.; Alcárcel Gutiérrez, Fernando A.; Madrid Montoya, César A.; Diederix, Hans (2015), Geological Map of Colombia, Servicio Geológico Colombiano, pp. 1–212, retrieved 2019-10-29
Parra, Felipe de la; Mora, Andrés; Rueda, Milton; Quintero, Isaid (2015), "Temporal and spatial distribution of tectonic events as deduced from reworked palynomorphs in the eastern Northern Andes", AAPG Bulletin, 99 (8): 1455–1472, Bibcode:2015BAAPG..99.1455D, doi:10.1306/02241511153
Egbue, Obi; Kellogg, James; Aguirre, Hector; Torres, Carolina (2014), "Evolution of the stress and strain fields in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia", Journal of Structural Geology, 58: 8–21, Bibcode:2014JSG....58....8E, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2013.10.004
Perico Martínez, Néstor Rafael; Perico Granados, Néstor Rafael (2014), Caracterización y recurrencia sísmica del Nido de Bucaramanga, V Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Santo Tomás Seccional Tunja, pp. 1–19
Toro Toro, Luz Mary; Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Gómez Cruz, Arley (2014), "Metagabro del Ariari, Plutonismo MORB, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia", Boletín de Geología, 36: 15–24, retrieved 2019-10-26
Yarce, Jefferson; Monsalve, Gaspar; Becker, Thorsten W.; Cardona, Agustín; Poveda, Esteban; Alvira, Daniel; Ordoñez Carmona, Oswaldo (2014), "Seismological observations in Northwestern South America: Evidence for two subduction segments, contrasting crustal thicknesses and upper mantle flow", Tectonophysics, 637: 57–67, Bibcode:2014Tectp.637...57Y, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2014.09.006
Jiménez Díaz, Giovanny (2013), Relationship between curved thrust belts, rift inversion, oblique convergence and strike-slip faulting - an example of Eastern Cordillera in Colombia (PhD thesis), Università di Roma, pp. 1–106
Arango Mejía, María Isabel; Zapata García, Gilberto; Martens, Uwe (2012), "Caracterización petrográfica, geoquímica y edad de la Sienita Nefelínica de San José del Guaviare", Boletín de Geología, 34: 15–26, retrieved 2019-10-26
Cuéllar Cárdenas, Mario Andrés; López Isaza, Julián Andrés; Osorio Naranjo, Jairo Alonso; Carrillo Lombana, Edgar Joaquín (2012), "Análisis estructural del segmento Bucaramanga del Sistema de Fallas de Bucaramanga (SFB) entre los municipios de Pailitas y Curumaní, Cesar - Colombia" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 34: 73–101, retrieved 2017-06-20
Sánchez, Javier; Horton, Brian K.; Tesón, Eliseo; Mora, Andrés; Ketcham, Richard A.; Stockli, Daniel F. (2012), "Kinematic evolution of Andean fold-thrust structures along the boundary between the Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley basin, Colombia", Tectonics, 31 (3): 1–24, Bibcode:2012Tecto..31.3008S, doi:10.1029/2011TC003089, retrieved 2017-06-20
Diederix, Hans; Hernández M., Catalina; Torres J., Eliana; Osorio, Jairo Alonso; Botero, Paola (2009), "Resultados preliminares del primer estudio paleosismológico a lo largo de la Falla de Bucaramanga, Colombia", Ingeniería, Investigación y Desarrollo, UPTC, 9: 18–23, retrieved 2017-06-20
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009), Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, pp. 1–219
Parra, Mauricio; Mora, Andrés; Sobel, Edward R.; Strecker, Manfred R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; O'Sullivan, Paul B.; González, Román (2008), Cenozoic Orogenic Growth of the North Andes: Shortening and Exhumation Histories of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, AAPG Annual Convention, San Antonio, Texas, pp. 1–27
Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007), Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal, ANH, pp. 1–92
Sarmiento Rojas, L.F.; Van Wees, J.D.; Cloetingh, S. (2006), "Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21 (4), Elsevier: 383–411, Bibcode:2006JSAES..21..383S, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.003
Cediel, Fabio; Shaw, Robert P.; Cáceres, Carlos (2003), "Tectonic Assembly of the Northern Andean Block - The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon habitats, basin formation, and plate tectonics", AAPG Memoir, 79: 815–848
Colmenares, Lourdes; Zoback, Mark D. (2003), "Stress field and seismotectonics of northern South America", Geology, 31 (8): 721–724, Bibcode:2003Geo....31..721C, doi:10.1130/G19409.1
Nevistic, A.V.; Rossello, E.A.; Haring, C.E.; Covellone, G.; Bettini, F.; Rodríguez, H.; Salay, R.; Colo, C.; Araque, E. Castro, C. Pinilla, C.P. Bordarampé, L. (2003), The Andean Santander-Oriental Tectonic Syntaxis: A first-order pattern controlling exploration play-model concepts in Colombia, VIII Simposio Bolivariano - Exploración Petrolera en las Cuencas Subandinas, pp. 130–134{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Paris, Gabriel; Machette, Michael N.; Dart, Richard L.; Haller, Kathleen M. (2000), Map and Database of Quaternary Faults and Folds in Colombia and its Offshore Regions (PDF), USGS, pp. 1–66, retrieved 2017-06-20

Maps

González, Humberto (2001), Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Antioquia - 1:400,000 - Memoria explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–120
Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104
Royero Gutiérrez, Jose María; Clavijo Torres, Jairo (2000), Mapa geológico generalizado del Departamento de Bolívar - 1:400,000 - Memoria explicativa (PDF), INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–99, retrieved 2017-08-31
Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José; Solano Silva, Orlando (2000), Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa (PDF), INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–120, retrieved 2019-03-10
Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (2002), Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–108
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Londoño, Ana Cristina (2002), Mapa geológico del Departamento de La Guajira - 1:250,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–259, retrieved 2017-08-08
Royero Gutiérrez, José María; Clavijo, Jairo (2001), Mapa geológico del Departamento de Santander 1:400,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–92

Acosta Garay, Jorge; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2001), Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–84, retrieved 2017-03-16
Terraza, Roberto; Montoya, Diana; Reyes, Germán; Moreno, Giovanni; Fúquen, Jaime; Torres Jaimes, Eliana; López Cardona, Myriam; Nivia Guevara, Álvaro; Etayo Serna, Fernando (2013), Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000 (PDF), Servicio Geológico Colombiano, pp. 1–296, retrieved 2017-08-04
Patiño, Alejandro; Fuquen, Jaime; Ramos, Julián; Pedraza, Andrea; Ceballos, Leonardo; Pinzón, Lyda; Jerónimo, Yadira; Álvarez, Leidy; Torres, Andrea (2011), Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, retrieved 2017-08-04
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20

Orrego, Abigail; León, Luis; Padilla, Luis Eduardo; Acevedo, Álvaro Pablo; Marulanda, Nelson (1999), Plancha 364 - Timbío - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Marquínez, Germán; Rodríguez, Yohana; Terraza, Roberto; Martínez, Mario (2003), Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Orrego, Abigail; Paris, Gabriel; Ibañez, Diego; Vásquez, Edgar (1999), Plancha 387 - Bolívar - 1:100,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-06-01
Murcia L., Armando; Cepeda V, Hector (1991), Plancha 410 - La Unión - 1:100,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-06-01
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 411 - La Cruz - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Murcia L., Armando; Cepeda V, Hector (1991), Plancha 429 - Pasto - 1:100,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2018-06-01
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 430 - Mocoa - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06