Styria

Styria

*Steiermark*
Styria Steiermark
Federal state
	Flag Coat of arms
	Anthem: Dachsteinlied ("Song of the Dachstein");
	Coordinates: 47°15′N 15°10′E / 47.250°N 15.167°E
Country	Austria
Capital	Graz
Government
• Body	Landtag of Styria
• Governor	Christopher Drexler (ÖVP)
Area
• Total	16,399.34 km2 (6,331.82 sq mi)
Population (1 January 2023)
• Total	1,265,198
• Density	77/km2 (200/sq mi)
GDP
• Total	€51.596 billion (2021)
• Per capita	€41,300 (2021)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 code	AT-6
HDI (2019)	0.919; very high · 4th of 9
NUTS Region	AT2
Votes in Bundesrat	9 (of 62)
Website	Federal state government

Styria (‹See Tfd›German: Steiermark [ˈʃtaɪɐˌmaʁk] ^ⓘ; Bavarian: Steiamårk; Slovene: Štajerska; Hungarian: Stájerország) is an Austrian state in the southeast of the country, famed for its idyllic landscapes, as well as rich folk- and high culture. With an area of approximately 16,399 km² (6,332 sq mi), Styria is Austria's second largest state, after Lower Austria. It is bordered to the south by Slovenia, and clockwise, from the southwest, by the other Austrian states of Carinthia, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Burgenland. The state's capital is Graz, the second largest city in Austria after only Vienna.

Name

The March of Styria derived its name from the original seat of its ruling Otakar dynasty: Steyr, in today's Upper Austria, which in turn derives its name from the namesake river of Steyr, stemming from the Celtic Stiria. In the native German the area is still called "Steiermark", while in English the Latin name "Styria" is used. Until the late 19th century however, the German name "Steyer", a slightly modernized spelling of Steyr, was also common. The ancient link between the city of Steyr and Styria is also apparent in their nearly identical coats of arms, a white Panther on a green background. Styria is also popularly known as the "Green March", owing to it being the most forested of all the Austrian states, or as the "Iron Margraviate" for its long heritage of manufacturing and engineering.

Geography

The term "Upper Styria" (‹See Tfd›German: Obersteiermark) refers to the northern and northwestern parts of the federal state (districts Liezen, Murau, Murtal, Leoben, Bruck-Mürzzuschlag). The districts of Leoben and Bruck-Mürzzuschlag are also called "High Styria" (Hochsteiermark).
The term "Western Styria" (Weststeiermark) is used for the districts west of Graz (Voitsberg, Deutschlandsberg, western part of the district Leibnitz). Because of the similar landscape with hills, valleys, wine and culture, the region in western Styria is also called "Styrian Tuscany".^[3]
The districts east of Graz (Weiz, Hartberg-Fürstenfeld, and Südoststeiermark) are referred to as "Eastern Styria" (Oststeiermark).

The western and eastern parts of the district Graz-Umgebung (literally, "Graz-surroundings") may or may not be considered parts of West and East Styria, respectively. The southern fourth of the historic Duchy of Styria, which after World War I became part of Yugoslavia and later Slovenia (except for World War II), was (and sometimes colloquially still is) referred to as "Lower Styria" (Untersteiermark; Slovene: Štajerska).

History

Styria was inhabited by Celtic tribes. After its conquest by the Romans, the eastern part of what is now Styria was part of Pannonia, while the western one was included in Noricum. During the Barbarian invasions, it was conquered or crossed by the Visigoths, the Huns, the Ostrogoths, the Rugii, and the Lombards. Slavs under the domination of the Avars settled in the valleys around 600. At the same time, Bavarians under Frankish domination began to expand their area to the south and east, ultimately absorbing the Slavic population.

Under the Otakar dynasty, Styria was made into a margraviate in 1056 and in 1180, also separated from the Duchy of Carinthia to become a Duchy of its own; Per the Georgenberg Pact, the Austrian Duke Leopold V also became Duke of Styria in 1192. After the demise of the Babenberg dynasty (to which Leopold belonged), Styria came briefly under the control of Hungary and later Bohemia. During this time, it lost vast parts of its territory, including the former capital Steyr (which would later form a significant part of the emerging "Duchy of Austria above the Enns" or Upper Austria), as well as Pitten (now the southeastern part of Lower Austria). When the Habsburgs reunified Austria in 1282, Pitten was returned to Styria until the 16th century when Austria finally annexed it. During this time, Styria formed the central part of Inner Austria.

Styria developed economically under Archduke John of Austria, the so-called "Styrian Prince", between 1809 and 1859.

In 1918, after World War I, the Duchy of Styria was partitioned broadly along ethnic lines (, though where mixed, the defeated Austrian side lost the lands in question to Yugoslavia, such as the majority German-speaking Abstall basin,) into a northern part, constituting the Austrian state of Styria, as well as the continuation of the Styrian state altogether, and a southern one, traditionally called Lower Styria, though Lower Styria does not exist as any political entity and is only a traditional term. As a result of the turbulence of two world wars, the German-speaking population of Lower Styria, which had mainly been concentrated in the cities, particularly the so-called "Festungsdreieck" (fortress-triangle) of Maribor (Marburg an der Drau), Celje (Cilli) and Ptuj (Pettau) migrated from the region or was expelled.

Economy

View over the vineyards of Western Styria

The federal state's gross domestic product (GDP) was 49.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 12.9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 35,400 € or 118% of the EU27 average in the same year.^[4]

In 2004, Styria had the strongest economic growth rate in Austria at 3.8%—mainly due to the Graz area, which saw strong economic growth that year and has continued to grow in economic and population terms since then.

Styria is home to more than 150 clean technology companies of which one dozen are world technology leaders in their field. The revenue of Styrian cleantech companies totals €2.7 billion. This equals 8 percent of the gross regional product (GRP) and is one of the highest concentrations of leading clean technology companies in Europe. The companies have an average (real) growth rate of 22 percent per year—well above the worldwide cleantech market growth of 18 percent per year. The region created roughly 2,000 additional green jobs in 2008 alone.^[5]

The Formula One Austrian Grand Prix has been held in the region, first at the Zeltweg Airfield in 1964 and then at the Osterreichring from 1970 to 1987. The sport returned to the circuit, now redesigned and rebranded as the A1-Ring, from 1997 to 2003. Formula One once again returned to the circuit, now renamed the Red Bull Ring, in 2014 and has been held at the track every year since. The COVID-19 pandemic saw the 2020 Formula One calendar massively revised, resulting in the Red Bull Ring becoming the first circuit to host consecutive Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, with the first round running under the Austrian Grand Prix name and the second held as the Styrian Grand Prix. This continued in 2021.^[6]

Administrative divisions

The federal state is divided into 13 districts (Bezirke), one of them a statutory city. There are 286 municipalities.

Statutory city

Graz

Districts

Largest cities in Styria

The following is a list of the nine largest cities and towns in Styria by population:^[7]

name	district	population (as of 2023)^[8]
Graz	Graz (statutory city)	298,623
Leoben	Leoben	25,140
Kapfenberg	Bruck-Mürzzusschlag	22,182
Bruck an der Mur	Bruck-Mürzzusschlag	15,970
Feldbach	Südoststeiermark	13,421
Leibnitz	Leibnitz	13,014
Knittelfeld	Murtal	12,781
Gratwein-Straßengel	Graz-Umgebung	12,770
Seiersberg-Pirka	Graz-Umgebung	12,112

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1869	720,809	—
1880	777,453	+7.9%
1890	828,375	+6.5%
1900	889,017	+7.3%
1910	957,610	+7.7%
1923	978,816	+2.2%
1934	1,014,920	+3.7%
1939	1,015,054	+0.0%
1951	1,109,335	+9.3%
1961	1,137,865	+2.6%
1971	1,195,023	+5.0%
1981	1,186,525	−0.7%
1991	1,184,720	−0.2%
2001	1,183,303	−0.1%
2011	1,208,575	+2.1%
2021	1,251,683	+3.6%
Source: Censuses^[9]

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics

The federal state had been a stronghold of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) since 1945. Graz is markedly more left-wing than the rural districts of the federal state.

The governor (Austrian political term: Landeshauptmann) of Styria has typically been a ÖVP candidate.

In the 2021 municipal election in Graz, the Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ) surprisingly took over first place from the ÖVP, thus pushing long-time mayor Siegfried Nagl (ÖVP) out of office. The result was noted internationally. Elke Kahr led the KPÖ for a third time in the 2021 Graz local election. Despite opinion polling suggesting a victory for the ruling ÖVP, the KPÖ became the largest party with 28.8% of votes and 15 seats. After the election, the KPÖ entered into coalition talks with The Greens – The Green Alternative and the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ).^[10] On November 13, 2021, the KPÖ, the Greens and the SPÖ announced their coalition: Graz gets a communist mayor with Elke Kahr.

Recent elections

In the 2005 elections for the federal state's parliament the SPÖ under their regional chairman Franz Voves won the majority after the ÖVP had damaged its credibility through scandals and the secession of a high-ranking party member, who took part in the 2005 elections after setting up his own party. In these elections, the KPÖ also received many votes after it had gained much popularity through its role in local politics in Graz during the preceding years. The two right-wing populist parties, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ), failed to win seats.

In subsequent elections in 2010 and 2015, the SPÖ, the ÖVP, and the KPÖ each lost between one fourth and one third of their shares of the vote relative to 2005. The FPÖ grew from 4.6 percent to 26.8 percent.^[11]^[12] The current government of Styria is a coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP. The governor, Christopher Drexler, is a representative of the People's Party. His deputy, Anton Lang, is a SPÖ member.

Notable Styrians

Ulrich von Liechtenstein (ca. 1200-1275), minnesinger
Ottokar aus der Gaal (1265-1318/22), wrote Steirische Reimchronik (Styrian Rhyming Chronicle) - the first extensive work on history in the German language
Palman (fl. 1310–1363), knight and mercenary commander of the Serbian Empire
Johann Joseph Fux (1660–1741), composer and music theorist, wrote Gradus ad Parnassum – a composition manual used by Beethoven and Mozart
Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), pioneer of oriental studies
Archduke John of Austria (1782–1859)
Peter Rosegger (1843–1918), honoured writer and poet
Robert Fuchs (1847-1927), composer and music pedagogue
Hugo Wolf (1860-1903), Lied composer
Johann Puch (1862–1914), founded Johann Puch Erste Steiermärkische Fahrrad-Fabriks-Aktiengesellschaft at Graz in 1899.
August Musger (1868–1929), inventor of slow-motion
Robert Stolz (1880–1975), composer
Karl Böhm, (1894–1981), conductor
Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1909–1999), political scientist
Bert Isatitsch (1911–1994), first president of the International Luge Federation
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, (1929–2016), conductor
Frank Stronach (b. 1932), founder of Magna International, billionaire
Jochen Rindt (1942–1970), Formula 1 World Champion
Helmut Marko (b. 1943), former racing driver
Dietrich Mateschitz (1944–2022), founder and CEO of Red Bull
Klaus Maria Brandauer (b. 1944), actor and director
Elfriede Jelinek (b. 1946), Nobel Prize in Literature winner
Arnold Schwarzenegger (b. 1947), bodybuilder, film actor and former Governor of California
Hugo Eberhardt (1948) (b. 1948), leader in the field of technical safety
Getty Kaspers (b. 1948), lead vocals of Dutch band Teach-In, who won the 1975 Eurovision Song Contest.
Eva Rueber-Staier (b. 1951), Miss Austria 1969, Miss World 1969
Herbert Walzl (1959–2022), stage actor, theatre director and playwright
Wolfgang Muthspiel (b. 1965), jazz composer and guitarist
Ulla Weigerstorfer (b. 1967), Miss Austria 1987 and Miss World 1987
Thomas Muster (b. 1967), former World No. 1 tennis player
Renate Götschl (b. 1975), alpine skiing World Champion
Elisabeth Görgl (b. 1981), professional alpine skier
Christoph Strasser (b. 1982), champion ultra cyclist
Conchita Wurst (b. 1988), singer and winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014