公法

公法(英語:public law)是指規範政府人民之間關係的法律,特色在於其規範的是国家权力一方對人民下命式的關係。而在更精確的定義下,只要適用法律一方的主體(公权力主體),利用它不對等的「高權」行使其權利時,那麼規範這個行為的法律便是公法。但若是這個公權力主體並非利用其高權,而是平等地與一般人民行使其权利,則該行為應該受私法而非公法的規範。

種類

原則

比例原則

比例原則隱含於各個領域法律的重要概念,也是判斷法律是否違反憲法的審查基準。比例原則的操作,一般認為需符合三項子原則:

  • 目的性:指手段必需能夠達成目的。
  • 合適性:指應選擇所有能達成目的的方法中,對人民權利侵害最小的手段。
  • 狹義比例性:謂手段與所欲達成的目的間不能過度失衡。

平等原則

平等原則是現代法律的基石,在公法上的地位更屬重中之重,素有公法的「帝王條款」之稱。其核心要旨乃人人於法律面前均為平等,無論性別、種族、宗教、階級、職業、文化與性傾向,不得因之而有差別待遇。

然而,所謂平等並非僅指表面上的形式平等,而應以個體所立基之差異,給予合理的差別待遇,稱為實質平等;具體的法律體現包括勞動法規性平法規中給予女性產假生理假等等。

信賴保護原則

信賴保護是指人民對於法律或公權力措施,因其所附帶或衍生的法律效果受有利益者,則人民對於該法律或措施之信賴應該受到保護;換言之,信賴保護可以視作約束國家必需遵守誠信的一項原則。

欲適用信賴保護原則,首先必須要有獲益的信賴基礎,而且該信賴基礎必需是值得法律保護的,更不能與重大公益有違。

不溯及既往原則

「不溯及既往」是從信賴保護原則中衍生出的概念,指法律不能回溯適用過去已經發生的事實,否則會使得人民無從遵守。

法律優位原則

指下位階的法律不得牴觸違反上位階的法律。例如,行政機關制定頒布的行政命令(包括法規命令與行政規則)不得牴觸憲法國會通過的法律(狹義法律);狹義的法律也不能牴觸憲法。

法律保留原則

又稱「積極的依法行政」,大略指限制人民權利的事項,必需經由國會通過的法律層級授權,不得單以行政命令制定規範;換言之,行政機關發布限制人民權利之命令事項,需有法律之授權,否則即有違法律保留。

授權明確性

法律明確性原則是法律保留所衍生出的下位概念,意指法律的規範需使人民得以預見其規範效果,以及能夠充分理解法條的含義;「授權明確性」則係指法律授權行政機關制定限制人民權利的事項,其目的、內容、及範圍必需符合明確性原則,始為適法。

憲法保留事項

部分限制人民重要權利的事項,如限制人身自由逮捕拘禁等,如為憲法所明文規範者,即屬憲法保留事項,法律及命令皆不得違反之。

法官保留原則

指某些限制人民權利的重大措施或處分,不得由偵查機關或治安機關逕自發動執行,而係需經由法院加以審查並批准後,方得執行。

不當連結禁止原則

所謂「不當聯結禁止」是指行政行為對人民造成不利益所使用之手段,必須與行政行為所欲追求之目的間有合理之聯結關係存在。其目的在防止行政機關利用其優勢地位而濫用公權利,造成人民不合理的負擔。本項原則於附附款之行政處分及行政契約等行政行為中,運用最為廣泛。[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 賴丕仁. 行政法之部--行政法之一般原則. 台灣法律網. [2021-04-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-23). 

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