捷克语正字法

捷克语正字法是规定如何正确书写捷克语的一系列规则。捷克语的书写使用拉丁字母,并大量使用(čárka)、(háček)、(kroužek)等附加符号。捷克语正字法中区分硬辅音、软辅音和两性辅音。围绕软元音⟨i⟩和⟨í⟩及软化元音⟨ě⟩,有一系列特别规则。

字母与读音

捷克语有42个字母,其中只有一个二合字母⟨ch⟩,在词典中列在⟨h⟩之后、⟨i⟩之前。[1]

捷克语字母表[2]:12-13[3]:2-4[4]:2-3
字母 字母名称
(捷克语)
发音
国际音标
说明
大写 小写
A a krátké a /a/
Á á dlouhé á //
B b /b/
C c /ts/
Č č čé //
D d /d//ɟ/ 参见⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩
Ď ď ďé /ɟ/
E e krátké e /ɛ/
É é dlouhé é /ɛː/
Ě ě je /ɛ//jɛ//ɲɛ/ 参见⟨ě⟩的发音
F f ef /f/ 常用于外来词[3]:5
G g /ɡ/ 多用于外来词[3]:5
H h /ɦ/
Ch ch chá /x/
I i krátké i /ɪ/ 与⟨y⟩或⟨ý⟩的区别
参见软音和硬音
Í í dlouhé í //
J j /j/
K k /k/
L l el /l/
M m em /m/
N n en /n//ɲ/ 参见⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩
Ň ň /ɲ/
O o krátké o /o/
Ó ó dlouhé ó // 只用于外来词[2]:20
P p /p/
Q q kvé /kv/ 只用于外来词[3]:5
R r er /r/
Ř ř //
S s es /s/
Š š /ʃ/
T t /t//c/ 参见⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩
Ť ť ťé /c/
U u krátké u /u/
Ú ú dlouhé ú // 参见⟨ú⟩和⟨ů⟩
Ů ů kroužkové ů //
V v /v/
W w dvojité vé /v/ 只用于外来词[3]:5
X x iks /ks//gz/ 只用于外来词[3]:5
Y y tvrdé y
ypsilon
/ɪ/ 与⟨i⟩或⟨í⟩的区别
参见软音和硬音
Ý ý dlouhé tvrdé ý
dlouhý ypsilon
//
Z z zet /z/
Ž ž žet /ʒ/

拼写规则

⟨ú⟩和⟨ů⟩

⟨ú⟩和⟨ů⟩发音相同。拼写时,⟨ú⟩用于词首(包括在前缀之后的情况),⟨ů⟩用于词中或词末。[2]:127[5]

软音和硬音

捷克语的辅音字母按照正字法,可以分为软、硬、两性(中立)三种:

硬辅音字母 h ch k g r d t n
软辅音字母 ž š č ř c j ď ť ň
两性辅音字母 b f l m p s v z

捷克语中,⟨i⟩和⟨y⟩发音相同,⟨í⟩和⟨ý⟩发音相同。软辅音之后要写软元音⟨i⟩或⟨í⟩。硬辅音之后要写硬元音⟨y⟩或⟨ý⟩。两性辅音之后既可以出现软元音,也可以出现硬元音。两性辅音之后接⟨y⟩或⟨ý⟩的单词页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)需要特别记忆其拼写。[4]:21-22[6][5]

⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩

⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩是软辅音,可以跟软元音⟨i⟩或⟨í⟩相拼。根据正字法,此时需要将⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩这三个字母写成⟨d⟩、⟨t⟩、⟨n⟩。[4]:37[7][6]

  • [ďi]、[ťi]、[ňi],拼写为⟨di⟩、⟨ti⟩、⟨ni⟩。
  • [ďí]、[ťí]、[ňí],拼写为⟨dí⟩、⟨tí⟩、⟨ní⟩。

在⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩跟⟨e⟩相拼时,也要按照正字法写为⟨d⟩、⟨t⟩、⟨n⟩。同时将⟨e⟩写成软化的⟨ě⟩。[4]:37[7][6][2]:95

  • [ďe]、[ťe]、[ňe],拼写为⟨dě⟩、⟨tě⟩、⟨ně⟩。

因此,⟨ď⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ň⟩在捷克语的拼写中出现得较少。在捷克语的42个字母中,除去只用来拼写外来语词的⟨x⟩、⟨ó⟩、⟨w⟩、⟨q⟩,使用频率最少的三个字母就是⟨ň⟩、⟨ť⟩、⟨ď⟩。[1]

捷克语中吸收的外来词不必遵从软硬音写法的规定,如politika(“政治”)不必改写成polityka。因此会造成同一字母组合在外来词和本土词中发音不同的情况,如外来词diktát(“听写”)中的⟨di⟩读为[dy],本土词hodina(“小时”)中的⟨di⟩读为[ďi]。[4]:37[6]

⟨ě⟩的发音

捷克语字母⟨ě⟩是软化了的⟨e⟩,发音规则较为特殊:[4]:37[6][2]:95

  • 如前所述,⟨dě⟩、⟨tě⟩、⟨ně⟩,发音相当于[ďe]、[ťe]、[ňe]。
  • ⟨bě⟩、⟨pě⟩、⟨vě⟩、⟨fě⟩,发音相当于[bje]、[pje]、[vje]、[fje]。
  • ⟨mě⟩,发音相当于[mňe]。

清浊辅音

捷克语字母中有8对成对的清浊辅音字母:

浊辅音字母 b v d ď z ž g h
清辅音字母 p f t ť s š k ch

此外,不被看成是独立字母的二合字母⟨dz⟩和⟨dž⟩,分别与清辅音字母⟨c⟩和⟨č⟩对应。[2]:42

捷克语中存在成对清浊辅音之间逆同化词尾清化英语Final-obstruent devoicing正音规则英语Orthoepy。一般而言,在辅音丛中,浊辅音后若有清辅音,则变为对应的清辅音;清辅音后若有浊辅音,则变为对应的浊辅音。词尾的浊辅音变为对应的清辅音。字母拼写不受该规则影响,仍保持原形,造成书写与发音不一致的情形。[4]:37,69-70[6][7][3]:18-19

大小写

捷克语中,存在专有名词首字母大写的规则。人、地点(包括天体)、区域居民、书刊等文艺作品、团体和组织、重大事件和节日的名称属于专有名词。

  • 专有名词只有一个单词,则首字母大写。
  • 专有名词由多个单词组成,通常第一个单词首字母大写,后续单词无需首字母大写,如Evropská unie(“欧洲联盟”)。
  • 若后续单词中包含专有名词,仍要首字母大写,如Univerzita Karlova(“查理大学”)。
  • 若后续单词中的类别名不再表示类别,整个专有名词整体性地指某个概念,则首字母大写。如Černý most(“黑桥”)中,表示“桥”的most不用首字母大写。而在得名于这座桥的居民区Černý Most(“黑桥区英语Černý Most”)中,Most首字母大写。
  • 专有名词之前的类别名不需要首字母大写,如náměstí Míru(“和平广场捷克語Náměstí Míru (Praha)”)。
  • 专有名词中的介词不需要首字母大写,除非位于专有名词之首。

句首首字母要大写。写信时可以将第二人称首字母大写以示尊敬。此外,大写还可用于缩写[8][2]:50,134,199

标点符号

捷克语的标点符号句号.)、问号?)、感叹号!)、分号;)、逗号,)、引号„ “ ‚ ‘)、冒号:)等。[3]:32-36

分割词规则

捷克语中,一个单词在上一行写不完时,可以用连字号将其分割开,把剩余部分写到下一行。捷克语的分割词规则捷克語Dělení slov移行规则英语Hyphenation algorithm)规定,单音节词不能分割移行,多音节词按音节分割,音节界限有多种可能性时按构词法分割。[2]:105,168

历史

同一地名有着两种不同的首字母大写情况,左边路牌依照1993年之前的正字法规则,右边依照1993年之后的规则

作为书面语的捷克语兴起于14世纪。当时的正字法受到波兰语影响,较多地使用二合字母或多合字母。15世纪,扬·胡斯推进捷克语的规范化和现代化,改革正字法,较多地使用附加符号标注捷克语特有的音位,此种做法沿用至今。之后,在《克拉利采圣经英语Bible of Kralice》及约瑟夫·多布罗夫斯基英语Josef Dobrovský的先后影响下,捷克语正字法逐渐发展成今天的模样。[9][10][11]

捷克科学院捷克语研究所英语Institute of the Czech Language在1993年推出了新的《捷克语正字法规则捷克語Pravidla českého pravopisu》(Pravidla českého pravopisu,PČP),是距今最近的一次修订。《捷克语正字法规则》有两个不同版本,分别为学术版和学生版。[12]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Czech Alphabet. czech-language.cz. 布拉格查理大学与捷克科学院捷克语研究所. [2019-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26) (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 何雷(主编). 捷克语 第1册. 北京: 时代出版社. 1987. ISBN 7-5600-0227-7. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 朱伟华; 徐哲(编). 捷克语语法. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社. 1989. ISBN 7-5600-0532-2. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 李梅(主编). 基础捷克语 上. 北京: 时代出版社. 1999. ISBN 7-5600-1729-0. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Spelling. mluvtecesky.net. [2019-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-14) (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Pronunciation. mluvtecesky.net. [2019-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-21) (英语). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Pronunciation specialities. czech-language.cz. 布拉格查理大学与捷克科学院捷克语研究所. [2019-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-02) (英语). 
  8. ^ Capital Letter Spelling. mluvtecesky.net. [2019-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-17) (英语). 
  9. ^ 李梅; 高虹; 朱玲心; 张目. 捷克语言史简介. 东欧(现名国际论坛). 1992, (04): 24-27. ISSN 1002-5537. CNKI GJLT199204009需注册账号查阅. 
  10. ^ Czech Language History. mluvtecesky.net. [2019-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-09) (英语). 
  11. ^ Origin and History. czech-language.cz. 布拉格查理大学与捷克科学院捷克语研究所. [2019-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-20) (英语). 
  12. ^ Informace o příručce Pravidla českého pravopisu. prirucka.ujc.cas.cz. 捷克科学院捷克语研究所. [2019-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-12-25) (捷克语). 

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