維多利亞州地方政府區域

維多利亞州的地方政府區域之劃分圖

地方政府區域(英語:Local Government Area,简称:LGA)是澳大利亚二级行政区,是地方政府辖区维多利亚州作为澳大利亚人口第二大的联邦州,境内共有79个地方政府区域,外加10个受州政府直辖的“未划分区域”。

由於澳大利亞的政治制度仿英國西敏制The Westminster System of government)而採議會制,自中央以下至州,分为市(city)、郡(shire)、區(district)及自治市/镇(municipalityborough),各行政部門的首長皆由立法部門的成員擔任,且須由議會或下議院(若有)內的「多數黨」組成政府;例如:聯邦下議員(Member of Lower House)組成聯邦政府(Federal Government)、州議員組成州政府(state government)、市議員組成理事会形式的市政府(city council)等。因此淵源,澳大利亞英語裡的地方「議會」(council)之含意[1]等同於地方政府(local government)。

沿革

墨爾本市在維州發展史上向來執牛耳之勢,百年來都是帶動州內發展的政經中心,所以一個功能完善、產業集中、能充分發揮土地利用率的墨爾本中央商務區(CBD)對於維州至為關鍵。由於這項討論牽涉到墨爾本的市政區應該如何「重新劃分」方能提高行政效率與健全財政的問題,因此維多利亞州的地方事務改革乃以州政府自1980年12月起,對於「如何提高政府效率」的討論為起點;首先於是年派出3位委員以決議修法劃界、調整市政體系、定義政府功能及具體行政責任等相關事宜。

1982年,新上任的工黨政府撤銷了負責地方事務改革的委員會、設立了6個墨爾本市的選區(wards),並於當年12月進行了選區劃定之後的首屆市議員選舉;3年後再加進了1個新選區。

1989年,州議會通過了《地方自治法》(Local Government Act),允准了府城墨爾本的改制,使墨城原本所轄的各區,整併升格為地方政府的「市」與郡;目的是使各地方政府成立後,可拉近官民之間的層級,鼓勵雙方針對社區發展而勤於溝通,並從中尋求可商議的協調模式,使一切資源得以更具效率地被使用、政府官員可更負責任地因應鄰里所需解決的公共事務[2]。另在權力與責任加重的前提下,各市與郡的政務官除了須對所屬的議會進行施政報告和接受咨詢,亦須對州議會負責;報告和咨詢內容包括市政規劃、道路興建和修整、廢棄物處理等主要市政[3]

1993年,《墨爾本市自治法》(City of Melbourne Act)具體劃定了市區的界線,並且根據新的市政轄境,再次重新調整了選區成4個[4]

2001年,州政府將上述墨爾本市內的4個選區增加至7個以後,進一步開放了市民直選市長。在此之前,州府認為墨爾本市地位關鍵,市長一職應由市議員之中推選出1位人選來擔任[5]

2007年7月2日,州政府將原本所轄的港區-Docklands也歸入墨爾本市,使墨城的市政轄境擴充近一倍。

类型

維多利亞州現轄79個地方政府,依次分四類:

  • 市議會:32個原屬墨爾本市政區或衛星城市的都會型城市(metropolitan City Council)
  • 乡郊市議會:7個農村型城市/鄉鎮(rural City Council)
  • 郡議會:39個位於距離都會區比較遠、幅員遼闊的鄉鎮(Shire Council)
  • 自治鎮議會:1個位於墨爾本地區最外圍的小鎮(Borough Council)

列表

墨尔本大都市(Greater Melbourne)

地方政府区域 政府所在 地区 成立日期 面积 (km2) 人口 (2018)[6][7] 人口密度 Councillors
(2012)
地图
Melbourne, City ofCity of·Melbourne Melbourne 内郊 1842年8月12日 (1842-08-12) 37 169,961 11,897 11
Port Phillip, City ofCity of·Port Phillip St Kilda 内郊 1994年6月22日 (1994-06-22) 21 113,200 13,961 7 Merger of St Kilda, South Melbourne and Port Melbourne
Stonnington, City ofCity of·Stonnington Malvern 内郊 1994年6月22日 (1994-06-22) 26 116,207 11,576 9 Merger of Malvern and Prahran
Yarra, City ofCity of·Yarra Richmond 内郊 1994年6月22日 (1994-06-22) 20 98,521 12,758 9 Merger of Richmond, Collingwood, Fitzroy, Northcote and parts of Melbourne
Banyule, City ofCity of·Banyule Greensborough 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 63 130,237 5,354 7 Merger of Heidelberg and parts of Diamond Valley and Eltham
Bayside, City ofCity of·Bayside Sandringham 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 37 105,718 7,400 7 Merger of Brighton and Sandringham and parts of Mordialloc and Moorabbin
Boroondara, City ofCity of·Boroondara Camberwell 外郊 1994年6月22日 (1994-06-22) 60 181,289 7,826 10 Merger of Camberwell, Kew and Hawthorn
Darebin, City ofCity of·Darebin Preston 外郊 1994年6月22日 (1994-06-22) 54 161,609 7,751 9 Merger of Northcote and Preston
Glen Eira, City ofCity of·Glen Eira Caulfield North 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 39 153,858 10,218 9 Merger of Caulfield and parts of Moorabbin
Hobsons Bay, City ofCity of·Hobsons Bay Altona 外郊 1994年6月22日 (1994-06-22) 64 96,470 3,904 7 Merger of Williamstown and Altona
Kingston, City ofCity of·Kingston Cheltenham 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 91 163,431 4,651 9 Merger of Chelsea and parts of Mordialloc, Moorabbin, Oakleigh and Springvale
Manningham, City ofCity of·Manningham Doncaster 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 113 125,508 2,877 9
Maribyrnong, City ofCity of·Maribyrnong Footscray 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 31 91,387 7,635 7 Merger of Footscray and parts of Sunshine
Monash, City ofCity of·Monash Glen Waverley 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 82 200,077 6,319 11 Merger of Waverley and parts of Oakleigh
Moonee Valley, City ofCity of·Moonee Valley Moonee Ponds 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 43 127,883 7,703 9 Merger of Essendon and parts of Keilor
Moreland, City ofCity of·Moreland Coburg 外郊 1994年6月22日 (1994-06-22) 51 181,725 9,229 11 Merger of Brunswick, Coburg and parts of Broadmeadows
Whitehorse, City ofCity of·Whitehorse Nunawading 外郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 64 176,196 7,130 10 Merger of Box Hill and Nunawading
Brimbank, City ofCity of·Brimbank Sunshine 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 123 208,714 4,395 11 Merger of Keilor and Sunshine
Cardinia, Shire ofShire of·Cardinia Officer 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 1283 107,120 216 9 Merger of Pakenham and parts of Cranbourne and Sherbrooke
Casey, City ofCity of·Casey Narre Warren 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 409 340,419 2,156 11 Merger of Berwick and parts of Cranbourne
Frankston, City ofCity of·Frankston Frankston 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 130 141,845 2,826 9
Greater Dandenong, City ofCity of·Greater Dandenong Dandenong 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 130 166,094 3,309 11 Merger of Dandenong and Springvale
Hume, City ofCity of·Hume Broadmeadows 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 504 224,394 1,153 11
Knox, City ofCity of·Knox Wantirna South 远郊 1963年10月16日 (1963-22-16) 114 163,203 3,552 9
Maroondah, City ofCity of·Maroondah Ringwood East 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 61 117,498 4,989 9 Merger of Croydon and Ringwood
Melton, City ofCity of·Melton Melton 远郊 1862年9月16日 (1862-09-16) 528 156,713 769 7
Mornington Peninsula, Shire ofShire of·Mornington Peninsula Rosebud 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 724 165,822 593 11 Merger of Flinders, Hastings and Mornington
Nillumbik, Shire ofShire of·Nillumbik Greensborough 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 432 64,941 389 7
Whittlesea, City ofCity of·Whittlesea South Morang 远郊 1862年12月12日 (1862-12-12) 490 223,322 1,180 11
Wyndham, City ofCity of·Wyndham Werribee 远郊 1862年10月6日 (1862-10-06) 542 255,322 1,220 11
Yarra Ranges, Shire ofShire of·Yarra Ranges Lilydale 远郊 1994年12月15日 (1994-12-15) 2468 158,173 166 9 Merger of Healesville, Lillydale, Upper Yarra and parts of Sherbrooke

维多利亚其它地区

巴旺西南(Barwon South West)

地方政府区域 政府所在 成立日期 面积[7] 人口 议员数量
(2012)
Map
km2 sq mi (2013)[6] (2018)[6][7]
Colac Otway Shire,·Colac Otway Shire Colac 1994 3,438 1,327 21,035 21,503 7
Corangamite Shire,·Corangamite Shire Camperdown 1994 4,408 1,702 16,410 16,140 7
Glenelg, Shire ofShire of·Glenelg Portland 1994 6,219 2,401 19,797 19,665 7
Greater Geelong, City ofCity of·Greater Geelong Geelong 1993 1,248 482 223,357 252,217 13
Moyne, Shire ofShire of·Moyne Port Fairy 1994 5,482 2,117 16,431 16,887 7
Queenscliffe, Borough ofBorough of·Queenscliffe Queenscliff 1863 8.6 3 3,002 2,982 5
Southern Grampians, Shire ofShire of·Southern Grampians Hamilton 1994 6,654 2,569 16,355 16,135 7
Surf Coast Shire,·Surf Coast Shire Torquay 1994 1,553 600 28,228 32,251 9
Warrnambool, City ofCity of·Warrnambool Warrnambool 1855 121 47 33,423 34,862 7

格兰屏山区(Grampians)

地方政府区域 政府所在 成立日期d 面积[7] 人口 议员数量
(2012)
Map
km2 sq mi (2013)[6] (2018)[6][7]
Ararat, Rural City ofRural City of·Ararat Ararat 1994 4,211 1,626 11,490 11,795 7
Ballarat, City ofCity of·Ballarat Ballarat 1994 739 285 98,344 107,325 9
Golden Plains Shire,·Golden Plains Shire Bannockburn 1994 2,703 1,044 20,362 23,120 7
Hepburn, Shire ofShire of·Hepburn Daylesford 1995 1,473 569 15,022 15,812 7
Hindmarsh, Shire ofShire of·Hindmarsh Nhill 1995 7,524 2,905 5,852 5,645 6
Horsham, Rural City ofRural City of·Horsham Horsham 1995 4,267 1,647 19,694 19,875 7
Moorabool, Shire ofShire of·Moorabool Ballan 1994 2,111 815 30,410 34,158 7
Northern Grampians, Shire ofShire of·Northern Grampians Stawell 1995 5,730 2,212 11,880 11,431 7
Pyrenees Shire,·Pyrenees Shire Beaufort 1994 3,435 1,326 6,938 7,353 5
West Wimmera, Shire ofShire of·West Wimmera Edenhope 1995 9,108 3,517 4,124 3,862 5
Yarriambiack, Shire ofShire of·Yarriambiack Warracknabeal 1995 7,326 2,829 7,032 6,658 7

吉普斯兰地区(Gippsland)

地方政府区域 政府所在 成立日期 面积[7] 人口 议员数量
(2012)
Map
km2 sq mi (2013)[6] (2018)[6][7]
Bass Coast Shire,·Bass Coast Shire Wonthaggi 1994 866 334 31,331 35,327 7
Baw Baw, Shire ofShire of·Baw Baw Warragul 1994 4,028 1,555 45,627 52,015 9
East Gippsland, Shire ofShire of·East Gippsland Bairnsdale 1994 20,940 8,085 43,809 46,818 9
Latrobe, City ofCity of·Latrobe Morwell 1994 1,426 551 74,124 75,211 9
South Gippsland Shire,·South Gippsland Shire Leongatha 1994 3,435 1,326 28,273 29,579 9
Wellington, Shire ofShire of·Wellington Sale 1994 10,817 4,176 42,721 44,019 9

休姆地区(Hume)

地方政府区域 政府所在 成立日期 面积[7] 人口 议员数量
(2012)
Map
km2 sq mi (2013)[6] (2018)[6][7]
Alpine Shire,·Alpine Shire Bright 1994 4,788 1,849 12,283 12,730 7
Benalla, Rural City ofRural City of·Benalla Benalla 2002 2,353 908 13,878 14,024 7
Greater Shepparton, City ofCity of·Greater Shepparton Shepparton 1994 2,422 935 63,244 66,007 7
Indigo, Shire ofShire of·Indigo Beechworth 1994 2,040 788 15,605 16,490 7
Mansfield, Shire ofShire of·Mansfield Mansfield 2002 3,844 1,484 8,276 8,979 5
Mitchell, Shire ofShire of·Mitchell Broadford 1994 2,862 1,105 37,788 44,299 9
Moira, Shire ofShire of·Moira Cobram 1994 4,046 1,562 25,401 29,799 9
Murrindindi, Shire ofShire of·Murrindindi Alexandra 1994 3,880 1,498 13,563 14,478 7
Strathbogie, Shire ofShire of·Strathbogie Euroa 1994 3,303 1,275 9,119 10,645 7
Towong, Shire ofShire of·Towong Tallangatta 1994 6,675 2,577 5,961 6,054 5
Wangaratta, Rural City ofRural City of·Wangaratta Wangaratta 1997 3,645 1,407 27,650 29,087 7
Wodonga, City ofCity of·Wodonga Wodonga 1876 433 167 37,575 41,429 7

洛登-马利地区(Loddon Mallee)

地方政府区域 政府所在 成立日期 面积[7] 人口 议员数量
(2012)
Map
km2 sq mi (2013)[6] (2018)[6][7]
Buloke, Shire ofShire of·Buloke Wycheproof 1995 8,000 3,089 6,388 6,184 7
Campaspe, Shire ofShire of·Campaspe Echuca 1994 4,519 1,745 37,213 37,592 9
Central Goldfields, Shire ofShire of·Central Goldfields Maryborough 1995 1,533 592 12,815 13,209 7
Gannawarra, Shire ofShire of·Gannawarra Kerang 1995 3,735 1,442 10,526 10,547 7
Greater Bendigo, City ofCity of·Greater Bendigo Bendigo 1994 3,000 1,158 105,957 116,045 9
Loddon, Shire ofShire of·Loddon Wedderburn 1995 6,696 2,585 7,518 7,513 5
Macedon Ranges, Shire ofShire of·Macedon Ranges Kyneton 1994 1,748 675 44,595 49,388 9
Mildura, Rural City ofRural City of·Mildura Mildura 1995 22,083 8,526 53,156 55,515 9
Mount Alexander, Shire ofShire of·Mount Alexander Castlemaine 1995 1,530 591 18,247 19,514 7
Swan Hill, Rural City ofRural City of·Swan Hill Swan Hill 1995 6,115 2,361 21,003 20,759 7

與鄰州的異同

比較鄰近的新南威爾斯州雪梨市經2005年改制後,各區亦普遍整併升格為「市」,使州內的地方政府區域(LGAs)增至152個,但有部份的地方議會和地方政府,層級未予以明定[8]。以原雪梨市的顧林凱區為例,由於升格後未冠予「自治市」(municipality)或「市」(city)之名,因此政府部門即稱「顧林凱議會」(Ku-ring-gai Council)。而在維多利亞州,除了幾個未予明定的鄉野地帶,所有的地方議會和政府一律類別分明。

而北部的昆士蘭州,人口成長率居二十多年來全國之冠;同樣出於健全地方財政收支以及提高施政效率的考量,亦參考了維多利亞州新南威爾斯州地方行政區域的改制,於2007年始推動地方政府事務的改革,至2008年3月經地方選舉的落實而宣告改革成功。

惟所不同的是昆州參考新南威爾斯州的地方改制,亦設立「區議會」(Regional Council),但維州則無區議會之類別;這是因為幅員廣大的州,將地緣和人文方面相近的郡與市合為一區,組成區議會,使地方政府在尊重各地風俗與民情的前提下,能擬定好促進各地永續發展的施政方針和措施來,這是幅員比較小、開發成熟、人口最密集的維多利亞州所例外的。

備註

  1. 維多利亞州於1980年即推動地方行政改制,由來已久,改革至1989年始大略完成,是澳大利亞最早倡議並著手地方政府事務改革的一州。由於當年網際網路尚未普及,詳細的歷程未上傳至網路,因此沿革的敘述即不若昆士蘭州的詳盡。請有志者提供更多的相關消息以助本條目的完整,好幫助參考者更清楚地認識維多利亞州的轉變。

参考文献

  1. ^ Local government in Australia页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆 "Council" in Australian English can refer to the geographical jurisdiction of a local government, and not just the elected board that governs local affairs
  2. ^ Local Government Act 1989 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-11-08.Retrieved 4 November 2008
  3. ^ Local government in Victoria页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)Retrieved 28 October 2008
  4. ^ Victorian Municipal Directory. Brunswick: Arnall & Jackson, 275-278 (1992). Accessed at State Library of Victoria, La Trobe Reading Room.Retrieved 4 November 2008
  5. ^ 蘇震西-維基百科Retrieved 4 November 2008
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 People: Population: ERP by LGA (ASGS 2018), 2001 to 2018. ABS.Stat. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019 [29 November 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-21). 
  7. ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Local Government Area (ASGS 2018), 2017 to 2018 (XLS). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019 [25 October 2019].  Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.
  8. ^ Local Government Areas of New South Wales页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)Retrieved 28 October 2008

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French businessman Thierry Magon de La VillehuchetBorn23 April 1943[1][2]Saint-Malo, FranceDied22 December 2008(2008-12-22) (aged 65)New York City, New York, United StatesCause of deathSuicideOccupationInvestment managerKnown forFounder of Access International AdvisorsRelativesBertrand Magon de La Villehuchet (brother) René-Thierry Magon de la Villehuchet (23 April 1943 – 22 December 2008) was a French aristocrat, money manager, and businessman. He was one of th…

Microbiotheria southern monito del monte (en) TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaOrdoMicrobiotheria Ameghino, 1889 Famili Microbiotheriidae lbs Microbiotheria adalah ordo marsupialia australidelphia yang meliputi satu keluarga (Microbiotheriidae), satu genus (Dromiciops), dan satu spesies (D. gliroides).[1] Sejumlah spesies telah punah yang diketahui dari fosil di Amerika Selatan, Antarktika Barat, dan timur laut Australia.[2] Referensi ^ ADW: Microbiotheria. Anim…

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Hosea. Hosea, karya Guillaume Rouillé dalam Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum Hosea (Ibrani: הושע Hoshea, Hôšēăʻ keselamatan; bahasa Latin: Osee; Inggris: Hoshea) bin Ela menjadi raja terakhir Kerajaan Israel Utara menurut Alkitab Ibrani, setelah membunuh raja Pekah bin Remalya di Samaria.[1] Ia memerintah 9 tahun di Samaria, sampai Kerajaan Israel dilenyapkan oleh Asyur, dan semua penduduknya dibawa ke dalam pembuangan.[2] Sejarah pe…

Pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God This article is about a specific pseudoscientific form of creationism. For generic arguments from intelligent design, see Teleological argument. For the movement, see Intelligent design movement. For other uses of the phrase, see Intelligent design (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Theistic evolution. Part of a series onIntelligent designWatchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intellige…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Orava reservoir – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Reservoir in Slovakia, PolandOravaOravaCoordinates49°23′59″N 19°32′44″E / 49.39972°N 19.54556°E࿯…

Grant Gustin a.k.a The Flash (Barry Allen)Grant Gustin (2015)LahirThomas Grant Gustin14 Januari 1990 (umur 34)Norfolk, Virginia, United StatesPekerjaanAktor, penyanyi, penariTahun aktif2003–sekarang Thomas Grant Gustin (lahir 14 Januari 1990), lebih dikenal sebagai Grant Gustin,[1] adalah aktor film dan teater Amerika Serikat yang berasal dari Norfolk, Virginia.[2] Ia dikenal karena perannya dalam Glee sebagai Sebastian Smythe dari The Dalton Academy Warblers. Filmogr…

Russian statesman and politician Mikhail KotyukovМихаил КотюковKotyukov in 2018Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai (acting)IncumbentAssumed office 20 April 2023Preceded byAleksandr UssDeputy Minister of FinanceIn office4 March 2020 – 24 April 2023Minister of Science and Higher EducationIn office15 January 2020 Acting: 15–21 January 2020 – 18 May 2018Preceded byOlga Vasilyeva(as Minister of Education and Science)Succeeded byValery Falkov Personal detailsBorn (197…

Diego Luna Nazionalità  Stati Uniti Altezza 173 cm Peso 85 kg Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Squadra  Real Salt Lake CarrieraGiovanili Palo Alto2015-2018 S.J. Earthquakes2018-2021 Barça AcademySquadre di club1 2021-2022 El Paso Locomotive42 (13)2022- Real Monarchs3 (0)2022- Real Salt Lake26 (3)Nazionale 2021-2023 Stati Uniti U-2021 (5)2024- Stati Uniti1 (0)Palmarès  CONCACAF Under-20 Oro Honduras 2022 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per l…

Messier 107M107 dari Hubble Space Telescope; 3.5′ view Kredit: NASA/STScI/WikiSkyData pengamatan (J2000 epos)KelasX[1]Asensio rekta 16j 32m 31.86d[2]Deklinasi –13° 03′ 13.6″[2]Jarak209 kly (64 kpc)[3]Magnitudo tampak (V)+8.85[4]Dimensi tampak (V)13′.0Karakteristik fisikMassa1,82×105[3] M☉Radius39.5 ly[5]MetalisitasTemplat:Fe/H dexPerkiraan umur13.95 Gyr[6]Nama…

Pansur Batu IIDesaPeta lokasi Desa Pansur Batu IINegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenTapanuli UtaraKecamatanAdian KotingKode pos22461Kode Kemendagri12.02.03.2016 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Pansur Batu II adalah salah satu desa yang berada di Kecamatan Adian Koting, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Pemerintahan Desa Pansur Batu II terdiri dari dusun: Parbubu I Parbubu II Sitonggitonggi Demografi Demografi berdasarkan Marg…

Ираклеониты — ученики гностика Ираклеона (II век). Упоминаются как особая секта Епифанием и Августином; при крещении и миропомазании они соблюдали обряд помазания елеем и при этом произносили воззвания на арамейском языке, которые должны были освободить душу от власти …

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL(2017年4月) コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク(木栓、蘭&…

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