食肉形類

食肉形類
化石时期:65–0 Ma
古新世到現代
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
演化支 獸形類 Theriimorpha
演化支 獸型類 Theriiformes
演化支 Trechnotheria
演化支 歧獸類 Cladotheria
演化支 原磨楔齒類 Prototribosphenida
演化支 Zatheria
演化支 磨楔齒類 Tribosphenida
亚纲: 獸亞綱 Theria
下纲: 真獸下綱 Eutheria
演化支 有胎盤類 Placentalia
高目: 北方真兽高目 Boreoeutheria
总目: 勞亞獸總目 Laurasiatheria
演化支 有阴囊类 Scrotifera
大目: 猛獸有蹄大目 Ferungulata
上目: 猛獸上目 Ferae
演化支 泛食肉類 Pan-Carnivora
演化支 食肉形類 Carnivoramorpha
總科

食肉形類学名Carnivoramorpha)是哺乳類的一個分支,包括了現今的食肉目及已滅絕細齒獸超科,但不包括肉齒目。肉齒目是食肉形類5870萬年前的姊妹分類。最古老的食肉形類是古靈貓科,其下已確定最古老的要算是6300萬年前的Protictis加拿大發現的Ravenictis,是最少屬於6500萬年前,亦有可能是屬於食肉形類。

定義

食肉形類的共有衍徵是上第四前臼齒(P4)及下第一臼齒(m1)修改為裂牙,而廣為人知的食肉目則改為現存物種的細小頂部群。故此,食肉形類是一個細小的分支,包含了最早期擁有P4/m1裂牙共有衍徵的生物[1]

演化

當食肉形類首先在古新世出現時,牠們並非唯一陸地上的食肉哺乳動物肉齒目包括了牛鬣獸科鬣齒獸科,當時亦都存在,並成功在始新世衍生出最多物種。[2]從牠們的齒列可知,大部份都是熟習吃肉的。在北美洲,一些肉齒目在始新世後仍然生存,並於漸新世晚期全部滅絕[3]肉齒目的衰落正好是食肉形類的爆發及食肉目的演化輻射,並很多現今肉食性動物的起源。[4]姑勿論肉齒目是否被取代,但食肉形類最初時的發展曾被肉齒目所影響及阻礙。

最初的食肉形類似乎是由一種細小及吃昆蟲的哺乳動物在始新世中期演化而來的,當時正值哺乳動物的急速分化。已知最早的食肉形類成員很難發現的骨骼化石,一般都只有牙齒標本及部份顎骨碎片。這類創新的物種被分類在細齒獸科分支中,在形態上可以分為兩個分支,即古靈貓亞科細齒獸亞科。兩個分支的成員都有食肉形類的牙齒特徵,即沿顎骨關節有裂牙[5]早期細齒獸科成員的分別在於其齒式,細齒獸亞科的會像犬型亞目,而古靈貓亞科的則像貓型亞目

分類及種系發生學

以下是食肉形類的科學分類:

以下是食肉形類的種系發生:[6]

食肉形類

? †Aelurotherium

? †Eosictis

? †Elmensius

? †Intyrictis vanvaleni

? †Notoamphicyon

? †Ravenictis krauseiCimolestan

? †毗瑟犬屬

細齒獸超科

古靈貓科

細齒獸科

Oodectes

擬狐獸屬

小古貓屬

Tapocyon

Miacis sylvestris

Prohesperocyon wilsoni

Quergygale angustidens

? †獵貓科

食肉目

犬型亞目

貓型亞目

參考

  1. ^ Bryant, H.N., and M. Wolson. Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Carnivoran Mammals (PDF). First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting. Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. July 6–9, 2004. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-07-06). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ Stiles, David P. An investigation of the Vulpes and Urocyon phylogenetic classification: Feliformia or Caniformia? Fox Phylogeny (PDF). Vertebrate Evolution (The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA). 2005,. Fall 2005. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-29). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ Wesley-Hunt, Gina D. The Morphological Diversification of Carnivores in North America (PDF). Paleobiology. 2006, 31 (1): 35–55. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-11). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ Archibold, J.D., and K.D. Rose (eds.). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Clades. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-8018-8022-X. 
  5. ^ Flynn, John J. and Gina D. Wesley-Hunt. Phylogeny of the Carnivora: Basal Relationships Among the Carnivoramorphans, and Assessment of the Position of 'Miacoidea' Relative to Carnivora. Journal of Systematic Paleontology. 2005, 3: 1–28. (原始内容存档于2011-05-24). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ Wyss, A. R. & Flynn, J. J. A Phylogenetic Analysis and Definition of the Carnivora. Szalay, F.S., M.J. Novacek and M.C. McKenna (eds.) (编). Mammal Phylogeny – Placentals. 1993. ISBN 0387978534. 

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