Competitors are described within the International Rules as 'swimmers' rather than as finswimmers or divers.[1]
Classes of competition
Competition is divided into two classes: swimming pool and long distance (also called open water).[2]
A swimming pool must be 50 m long by 21 m wide and 1.8 m deep, i.e. an Olympic-size swimming pool (also known as a long course pool) is suitable for the holding of swimming races for either the Olympic Games and a FINA world championships.[2][3] The International Rules do not permit the use of 25m length pools (known as short course) although these are used in regional and national competition.[4]
Long distance sites include both the sea and natural water bodies such as freshwater rivers and lakes. Site selection criteria include 'low current and tides' and water quality 'appropriate for swimming' as certified by a local authority. The site, when in use for competition, will be marked by buoys, patrolled by safety boats and will have observation points (or additional boats) for judges to oversee any turns present in the course.[2]
Techniques
Surface finswimming
Surface finswimming (also known by its acronym, SF) is swimming on the surface of the water using mask, snorkel, and monofins. SF races are held for distances of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 4 × 50 mix relays (2 men's, 2 women's), 4 × 100 relays and 4 × 200 relays (meters) in swimming pools and over various long distances in the open water environment. Swimmers must remain on the surface of the water at all times for the duration of the race except when starting or make a turns at the end of a swimming pool where an immersion over a distance of 15m is permitted.[1]
Apnoea finswimming
Apnoea finswimming (also known by its acronym, AP, and as apnoea or apnea) is underwater swimming in a swimming pool using a mask, monofin and holding one's breath. AP races are held for the distance of 50m. A swimmer's face must be immersed for the duration of the race otherwise he/she risks disqualification. AP races are not conducted in open water for 'safety and security reasons'.[1]
Immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus
Immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus (also known by its acronym, IM, immersion, and scuba finswimming), is underwater swimming using mask, monofin and underwater breathing apparatus (open-circuit air scuba) conducted in a swimming pool. While there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried, it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race. IM races are held for distances of 100, 200 and 400 m. A swimmer's face must be immersed for the duration of the race or risk disqualification. IM races are not conducted in open water for 'safety and security reasons'.[1] Historically, IM swims were conducted in open water up to distances of 1000m.[5]
Bi-fins
Bi-fins (also known by its acronym, BF or as 'stereo-fins') is swimming on the surface of the water with mask, snorkel and a pair of fins using a crawl style. BF races are held for distances of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 4 × 100 mix relays (2 men's, 2 women's) in swimming pools and over various long distances in the open water environment such as 4 km and 6 km. It is reported that BF was introduced in 2006 to provide the opportunity for competition by swimmers who cannot afford to purchase a set of monofins. Swimmers must remain on the surface of the water at all times for the duration of the race except when starting or make a turns at the end of a swimming pool where an immersion of a distance of 15m is permitted.[1][6]
Apart from requiring the use of a mask for protection of the eyes and for the ability to see underwater, the international rules have no requirements regarding mask selection. Centre-mounted snorkels (also known as front snorkels) are the only type approved for use subject to meeting minimum and maximum requirements in tube length and internal diameter. Fins are also regulated by international rules. Monofins have a maximum size which can be checked by the use of a template while bi-fins must be one of the brands certified (i.e. homologated) by CMAS.[8]
Underwater breathing apparatus is restricted to open circuit scuba using compressed atmospheric air as the breathing gas. The use of oxygen enriched mixtures is forbidden. Cylinders are limited by maximum cylinder pressure rating of 200 bar and a minimum cylinder capacity of 0.4 litres. While there are no requirements for regulators, swimmers appear to be free to modify these to remove any unnecessary parts.[8]
Garments such as swimsuits, swim caps and wetsuits, and the use of logos printed on these garments and the equipment is also subject to the requirements of the international rules.[8]
Age groupings and associated restrictions
The following age groupings and associated restrictions for both men and women are mandated by the International Rules.[9]
Age group title
Age group code
Age range
Restrictions
Senior
A
18 years & over
No restrictions
Junior
B
16–18 years
No restrictions
Junior
C
14–16 years
Maximum openwater swim of 8 km
Junior
D
12–14 years
Maximum openwater swim of 6 km Maximum AP distance of 25m
Junior
E
less than 12 years
Known as the 'pre-competition group'; national rules apply for this age group as there is no international competition for this group.
Master
V0
25–35 years
No restrictions
Master
V1
35–45 years
No restrictions
Master
V2
45–55 years
No restrictions
Master
V3
55–65 years
No restrictions
Master
V4
65–75 years
No restrictions
Master
V5
+75 years
No restrictions
Origins and history
The sport developed in Europe following the ready availability of the first rubber fins during the 1930s.[10] Luigi Ferraro, Italian diving pioneer, is reported as organising the first fin-swimming competition in the sea during 1951 followed by a 100 kilometres (62 miles) ocean swim in 1955.[6] The first competition in the Soviet Union was held during 1958.[11]
The first European Championship which was a multi sport event involving both finswimming and underwater orienteering was held under the title of the First European Championship of Subaquatics Technical at Angera, Italy in August 1967. The specific finswimming events were races over the distances of 40m and 1000m which are reported as using either surface swimming techniques or respectively apnoea and immersion techniques. In 1969, the first European Finswimming Championship to be separate of underwater orienteering was held in Locarno, Switzerland.[11][12]
The arrival of the monofin in the early 1970s lead to the breaking of all world records by the end of the decade due to the improved performance possible when used in lieu of bi-fins.[6]
In 2007, the first Bi Fin races using CMAS homologated fins were held.[11]
The main appeal of finswimming is reported by some as being the speed that a swimmer can reach.[7] The world record for the men's 50 m freestyle (long course) in sports swimming (see World records in swimming), is 20.91 seconds (by César Cielo of Brazil). In finswimming it is 13.70 seconds (for 50 m apnoea by Pavel Kabanov of Russia) (see World records in finswimming). This is a 50% increase in speed over sports swimming.
One of the great appeals of finswimming is that finswimmers do not need to be good sports swimmers.[citation needed] Indeed, there is some evidence that top flight sports swimmers may make poorer finswimmers than well-trained finswimmers (see below).[citation needed]
Training
Unlike most sports swimming training programmes, finswimming training tends to be far more specific and more like systems used for track running in athletics.[citation needed] In addition, finswimming training tends to have more dry-side work, including a huge amount of core stability (as core strength), plyometrics and weight training.[citation needed]
It has been recorded that sports swimmers tend to approach finswimming with preconceptions on technique, which can limit their success.[15][16][17]
Governing body
The governing body is the CMAS Finswimming Commission.[18]
Its role includes the upgrading of the rules of competition when required, keeping of records for CMAS championships, the World Games and these of national federations where these match or exceed records achieved at international level, and the maintenance of the CMAS World Ranking which is a listing of the best performing senior and junior men and women from both the most recent Finswimming World Championships and the rounds of the World Cup. It also assists the CMAS Board of Directors and others organising competitions organised under the auspices of CMAS.[19]
As of 2007, CMAS directly oversees the following four competitions at international level: the World Championship, Continental Championships, the World Cup and the CMAS Junior Trophy.[21]
The World Championship is held every two years in odd-numbered years for senior swimmers starting with the year 2007 and in even-numbered years for junior swimmers starting with the year 2008. Pool competition held over five days while open water competition is held over a maximum of three days.[22]
This is an annual event which was first held in 2006 and consists of a minimum of three rounds including a final all known as meetings which are attended by swimmers from clubs affiliated to a CMAS national federation. Races are held in both swimming pool and open water sites for individuals and clubs in the age groupings of senior and junior for both male and female.[23]
CMAS Junior Trophy
This is an annual swimming pool-based event for junior national teams for both male and female swimmers.[24]
Continental championships
Continental championships which are conducted in an identical manner to the world championships require a minimum of five countries from a continental body such as Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania as defined by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Continental championships are held every two years in odd-numbered years for senior swimmers starting with the year 2008 and in even-numbered years for junior swimmers starting with the year 2007.[22][25]
The European Championships have run since 1967 and have been held 21 times.[citation needed] Asian Finswimming Championships is reported to have been held 13 times with the first being held in 1989 and the most being held during 2012 in Da Nang, Vietnam.[26]
There have been three Pan-American Championships, starting in 1993, with the last being held in 2001 in Cali, Colombia.[citation needed] There have also been five "Arab Zone" Championships, the last was held in 2003 (in Beirut, Lebanon).[citation needed]
Finswimming has featured at the World Games as a trend sport since the inaugural games held during 1981. Participation is reserved for the best swimmers from the CMAS World Ranking and the best relay teams as selected by the CMAS Finswimming Commission.[27][28]
As of 2020, no finswimming competition or demonstration has been held at an Olympic Games.[35] CMAS which is recognised by the IOC as the international sports federation for underwater sports was so recognised in 1986 solely on the basis of finswimming.[36][37] In 1999, finswimming was reported as being considered for inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.[38] In 2002, the IOC considered underwater sports which includes finswimming as one of the sports to be added to the programme of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, but decided to decline admission to it and eight other sports on the basis of:[39]
Statistics reviewed on federation affiliation, nations competing in major events and broadcast and press coverage of major events for most requested sports did not indicate a higher level of global participation and interest than sports currently in the Programme, and therefore could not be considered to bring additional value.
Finswimming at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games – Competition held at the Aquatic Center of the National Sports Complex in Vientiane, Laos.Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
^Koulianou, M. & S. Vosniadou (2002). Differences between experts and novices in finswimming: A cognitive system analysis. Res-Systemica, 2, Special Issue: Proceedings of the fifth European Systems Science Congress, October 2002, Crete.
^Koulianou, M. & S. Vosniadou (2003). Differences between experts and novices in finswimming: A cognitive analysis of sports behavior. 2003 Cognitive Science Society European Proceedings.
^Koulianou, M. & S. Vosniadou (2006). Effects of Incompatible Prior Knowledge in Butterfly Style on Understanding Finswimming Style. Cognitive Science Journal, 30: 2539.
^"About finswimming". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Jalan Tol Dalam Kota BandungInformasi ruteDikelola oleh PT Margautama NusantaraPanjang:27.3 km (17,0 mi)Persimpangan besarUjung sebelumnya:Jalan Tol PurbaleunyiJalan Tol CipularangUjung berikutnya:Jalan Tol CisumdawuJalan Tol Gedebage-Tasikmalaya-CilacapLetakKota besar:Kota BandungSistem jalan bebas hambatan Sistem Jalan di Indonesia Jalan Tol Jalan raya Jalan Tol Dalam Kota Bandung (Bandung Intra Urban Toll Road (BIUTR) atau Bandung Inner Ring Road adalah jalan tol yang melewati dalam…
Asep Hendradiana Kepala Pusat Kedokteran dan Kesehatan PolriPetahanaMulai menjabat 13 April 2022 PendahuluRusdiantoPenggantiPetahanaKepala Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara Tingkat I Raden Said SukantoMasa jabatan1 Mei 2020 – 13 April 2022 PendahuluRusdiantoPenggantiHariyanto Informasi pribadiLahir22 Oktober 1968 (umur 55)Cianjur, Jawa BaratAlma materUniversitas PadjadjaranSepa Milsuk (1993)PekerjaanPolisiKarier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indones…
Danny Fonseca Klub Olahraga Cartagines 2015Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Danny Alberto Fonseca BravoTanggal lahir 7 November 1979 (umur 44)Tempat lahir Cartago, Kosta RikaTinggi 1,79 m (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini CartaginésNomor 8Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1998–2006 Cartaginés 276 2006–2009 Brujas F.C. 68 (9)2010– Cartaginés 23 (0)Tim nasional2003–2008 Kosta Rika 24 (2) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya…
LaravelTipekerangka web Versi pertamaJuni 2011; 12 tahun lalu (2011-06)[1]Versi stabil 11.0.2 (13 Maret 2024) GenreKerangka kerja aplikasi webLisensiLisensi MITKarakteristik teknisSistem operasiLintas platformBahasa pemrogramanPHP Informasi pengembangPengembangTaylor OtwellSumber kode Kode sumberPranala Informasi tambahanSitus weblaravel.comStack ExchangeEtiqueta Free Software DirectoryLaravel Subredditlaravel Sunting di Wikidata • L • B • Bantuan penggunaan tem…
Masashi Oguro Informasi pribadiTanggal lahir 4 Mei 1980 (umur 43)Tempat lahir Toyonaka, Osaka, JepangTinggi 1,78 m (5 ft 10 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Yokohama F· MarinosNomor 11Karier junior Toyonaka S.S.1992–1998 Gamba OsakaKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1999–2005 Gamba Osaka 111 (48)2001 → Consadole Sapporo (pinjaman) 4 (0)2006 Grenoble Foot 38 19 (6)2006–2008 Torino F.C. 10 (0)2008–2010 Tokyo Verdy 53 (23)2010 → Yokohama F.C. …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. SMA Negeri 10 PontianakInformasiDidirikan10 Oktober 2010 (10-10-10)Jurusan atau peminatanIPA dan IPSRentang kelasX IPA, X IPS, XI IPA, XI IPS, XII IPA, XII IPSKurikulumKurikulum 2013Jumlah siswa600AlamatLokasiJl. Purnama, Komp. Purnama Agung V, Pontian…
Tank Amerika Serikat M1A1 Abrams Tank adalah kendaraan tempur lapis baja yang bergerak menggunakan roda berbentuk rantai. Ciri utama tank adalah pelindungnya yang biasanya adalah lapisan baja yang berat, senjatanya yang merupakan meriam besar yang terletak di bagian kepala, serta mobilitas yang tinggi untuk bergerak dengan lancar di segala medan. Meskipun tank adalah kendaraan yang mahal dan membutuhkan persediaan logistik yang banyak, tank adalah senjata darat paling tangguh dan serba-bisa pada…
The Great Pyramids of Giza are regarded as one of the greatest architectural feats of all time and are one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Like other aspects of the culture of Africa, the architecture of Africa is exceptionally diverse. Throughout the history of Africa, Africans have developed their own local architectural traditions. In some cases, broader regional styles can be identified, such as the Sudano-Sahelian architecture of West Africa. A common theme in traditional African …
The Property ManPoster teatrikal untuk The Property ManSutradaraCharlie ChaplinProduserMack SennettPemeranCharles ChaplinPhyllis AllenAlice DavenportCharles BennettMack SennettNorma NicholsJoe BordeauxHarry McCoyLee MorrisSinematograferFrank D. WilliamsPerusahaanproduksiKeystone StudiosDistributorMutual FilmTanggal rilis 01 Agustus 1914 (1914-08-01) Durasi31 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaFilm bisuInggris (titel asli) The Property Man The Property Man adalah sebuah film bisu komedi pendek …
العلاقات الباهاماسية اللبنانية باهاماس لبنان باهاماس لبنان تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الباهاماسية اللبنانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين باهاماس ولبنان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقار…
Jeff TaylorBackground informationBirth nameJeffrey Joseph TaylorBorn (1957-02-28) February 28, 1957 (age 67)Batavia, NYGenresCountry, Jazz, PopOccupation(s)Musician, bandleaderInstrument(s)Accordion, KeyboardsYears active1975–presentMusical artist Jeffrey Joseph Taylor (born February 28, 1957) is a Nashville-based bandleader and multi-instrumentalist, primarily known for keyboards and accordion. He is a long-time member of the Grammy-winning Western swing band, The Time Jumpers.[1]…
International football tournament in Northern America, Central America, and the Caribbean Not to be confused with CONCACAF Cup, CONCACAF Championship, or CONCACAF W Championship. This article is about the men's competition. For the women's competition, see CONCACAF W Gold Cup. Football tournamentCONCACAF Gold CupOrganizing bodyCONCACAFFounded1991; 33 years ago (1991)[1][2]RegionNorth America (Northern America, Central America, and the Caribbean)Number of teams16…
الأكراد في أرمينيامناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد أرمينيا اللغاتاللغة الأم الكردية — الروسية — الأرمنية الدين إيزيدية — أهل السنة والجماعة — مسيحيون تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات السكان الأكراد في أرمينيا (أخضر غامق). يشكل الأكراد في أرمينيا (بالأرمنية: Քրդերը Հայաստա…
Remedial construction measure Cross section of a slope with soil nails installed Soil nailing is a remedial construction measure to treat unstable natural soil slopes or unstable man-made (fill) slopes as a construction technique that allows the safe over-steepening of new or existing soil slopes. The technique involves the insertion of relatively slender reinforcing elements into the slope – often general purpose reinforcing bars (rebar) although proprietary solid or hollow-system bars are al…
جان-نويل هاك (بالفرنسية: Jean-Noël Huck) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 20 ديسمبر 1948 (العمر 75 سنة)موتزيغ مركز اللعب وسط الجنسية فرنسا مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق 1967–1968 Mutzig المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 1968–1971 ستراسبورغ 89 (8) 1971–1978 نيس 236 (28) 1978–1979 باريس 32 (1) 1979–1981 باريس سان ج…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Jacobsen. Anders Jacobsen Anders Jacobsen en 2010. Discipline et période Sport pratiqué Saut à ski Période d'activité 2003-2015 Entraîneur Alexander Stöckl Présentation Nationalité Norvège Naissance 17 février 1985 (39 ans)à Hønefoss Taille 175 cm Poids 62 kg Club Ringkollen Skiklubb Palmarès Médailles obtenues Jeux olympiques 0 0 1 Championnats du monde 1 4 2 Championnats du M. de vol à ski 0 1 2 Coupe du monde (globes) 0 1 0 Coup…
Questa voce sull'argomento contee dell'Ohio è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Contea di Sciotocontea Contea di Scioto – VedutaScioto County courthouse LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato Ohio AmministrazioneCapoluogoPortsmouth Data di istituzione1803 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo38°48′36″N 82°59′24″W / 38.81°N 82.99°W38.81; -82.99 (Contea di Scioto)Coordinate: 38°48′36″N 82°59′…
International channels of BET Networks Television channel BET InternationalCountryUnited KingdomBroadcast areaAfricaMiddle EastSouth KoreaFranceNetworkBETHeadquartersLondon, United KingdomProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishArabicKoreanFrenchPicture format16:9 1080i HDTVOwnershipOwnerParamount International NetworksHistoryLaunched27 February 2008; 16 years ago (2008-02-27)1 December 2015; 8 years ago (2015-12-01) (South Africa)Closed8 April 2021; 3 years…