12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun

12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun
12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun
	12.7 cm/50 Type 3 guns seen in a twin gun Model B turret on Sagiri, 1941
Type	Naval gun
Place of origin	Japan
Service history
In service	1928—1966
Used by	Imperial Japanese Navy; Soviet Navy; Republic of China Navy
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designed	1926—1927
No. built	approximately 700
Specifications
Mass	4,205 kilograms (9,270 lb)
Length	6.483 metres (21.27 ft)
Barrel length	6.265 metres (20.55 ft) (length of bore)
Shell	separate-loading, bagged charge
Shell weight	23 kilograms (51 lb)
Caliber	127 millimetres (5.0 in)
Breech	Welin interrupted screw
Elevation	depended on mount
Rate of fire	5–10 rpm
Muzzle velocity	910–915 m/s (2,986–3,002 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	18,400 metres (20,100 yd)

The 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun was a medium-caliber naval gun of the Imperial Japanese Navy used during World War II. It was the standard weapon for Japanese destroyers between 1928 and 1944 (except the Akizuki and Matsu classes). It has been credited as a true dual-purpose gun, but this was more a nominal capability than real, as its bag propellant and need for hand ramming required the gun to be loaded at elevation angles of 5–10°. This dropped its rate of fire to a relatively slow 5–10 rounds per minute, and its training speed of only 6° per second meant that it had a great deal of difficulty engaging enemy aircraft with any chance of success.^[1] After the end of World War II, the gun was exported via the two Japanese destroyers ceded as war reparations to the Soviet Union^[2] and the Republic of China.^[3]

Description

The 50-caliber 12.7 cm (5.0 in) Type 3 gun was of built-up construction, originally with three and later two layers with the usual breech ring and breech bush.^[4] It used a Welin interrupted screw breech and powder bags, unusual for guns of that caliber. The shell was fuzed manually on the loading tray before being rammed by hand and could only be loaded at elevations between 5° and 10°. All mounts used pusher-type shell hoists, but the powder bags were passed by hand.^[5]

Mountings

These guns were first used in the twin gun Model A turret on the revolutionary Fubuki-class destroyers. These were the first weatherproof, splinterproof and gas-proof enclosed gun turrets ever mounted on a destroyer.^[6] Guns in twin mounts were in individual cradles and could elevate separately. All twin gun mounts weighed approximately 32 tonnes (31 long tons; 35 short tons). All mounts could traverse at 6° per second and could elevate at a rate between 6° and 12° per second although speeds up to 27° per second have been reported.^[4]

The twin gun Model A mount was fitted with a 9–12-millimetre-thick (0.35–0.47 in) gun shield. Its guns could depress −5° and elevate to +40°. These mounts were deployed on the first ten Fubuki-class destroyers. The twin gun Model B mount had its elevation increased to 75° and was fitted in the rest of the Fubuki-class as well as the Akatsuki-class destroyers.^[4] In order to save weight its gun shield was reduced to 3.2 mm (0.13 in) in thickness, but this proved too thin to withstand heavy seas and was later reinforced. The first four of the Hatsuharu class used the Model B mod 2 mount although how it differed from the earlier Model B mount is unknown. The last two of the Hatsuharu class, the Shiratsuyu, Asashio, and Kagerō-class destroyers used the Model C which reduced its maximum elevation to 55°, but could depress to −7° and was supposedly lighter than earlier models.^[5] The Model D used by the Yūgumo-class and the Shimakaze destroyers retained the depression limit of the Model C, but elevation returned to the 75° of the Model B.^[1]

The Type A single mount could depress −7° and elevate to +75°,^[5] but the Type B reduced the maximum elevation to 55°.^[4] Both mounts weighed approximately 18.5 tonnes (18.2 long tons; 20.4 short tons).^[1] The Type A was fitted on the Hatsuharu class and the Type B on the Shiratsuyu-class destroyers.^[4]

Ammunition

The gun normally fired a 23 kg (51 lb) high-explosive shell, an illumination shell or an incendiary shrapnel round (sankaidan) intended for anti-aircraft use. All of these shells weighed 23 kg (51 lb) and used 7.7 kg (17 lb) of 30 DC propellant. After 1943, a flat-nosed anti-submarine shell also became available. This had a minimum range of 800 metres (870 yd) and a maximum range of 4,300 metres (4,700 yd). A new, heavier, but more streamlined, high-explosive projectile with a range of 23,025 metres (25,180 yd) was under development when the war ended.^[1]

Shell name	Weight	Filling Weight	Muzzle velocity
Common Type 0 high-explosive	23 kg (51 lb)	1.88 kg (4.1 lb)	910–915 m/s (2,986–3,002 ft/s)
Common Type 1 high-explosive	23 kg (51 lb)	1.88 kg (4.1 lb)	910–915 m/s (2,986–3,002 ft/s)
Illumination	23 kg (51 lb)	Not applicable	750 m/s (2,500 ft/s)
Anti-submarine	20.9 kg (46 lb)	4 kg (8.8 lb)	250 m/s (820 ft/s)
New Type high-explosive Projectile	27.9 kg (62 lb)	2.2 kg (4.9 lb)	910–915 m/s (2,986–3,002 ft/s)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tony DiGiulian (19 March 2009). "Japan 12.7 cm/50 (5") 3rd Year Type". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ On the Verniy (ex "Hibiki), those guns then being replaced by the 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 Soviet guns.
^ On the Dan Yang (ex "Yukikaze), those guns then being replaced by the 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun and 10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun Japanese dual-purpose guns.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Campbell, p. 192
^ ^a ^b ^c Lengerer, p. 105
^ Whitley, pp. 192–93

References

Campbell, John (2002). Naval Weapons of World War Two. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7.
Lengerer, Hans (2007). The Japanese Destroyers of the Hatsuharu Class. Warship 2007. London: Conway. pp. 91–110. ISBN 978-1-84486-041-8.OCLC 77257764
Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Cassell Publishing. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.