Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg

**Graf**
Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg
Graf Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg
Fyodor Fyodorovich Berg
	Portrait by Jan Michał Strzałecki, 1867
Governor-General of Finland
	In office; 19 December [O.S. 7] 1854[citation needed] – 20 November [O.S. 8] 1861
Monarchs	Nicholas I; Alexander II
Preceded by	Alexander Menshikov
Succeeded by	Platon Rokassovsky [ru]
Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland
	In office; 31 October [O.S. 19] 1863 – 18 January [O.S. 6] 1874
Monarch	Alexander II
Preceded by	Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich
Succeeded by	Position abolished (Paul Demetrius von Kotzebue as the Governor-General of Warsaw)
Personal details
Born	15 May [O.S. 26] 1794; Sagnitz Manor, Sagnitz, Kreis Dorpat, Riga Governorate, Russian Empire; (in present-day Sangaste, Otepää Parish, Valga County, Estonia)
Died	6 January [O.S. 18] 1874 (aged 79); St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Russian Empire
Branch/service	Imperial Russian Army
Years of service	1812 – 1874
Rank	General-Field Marshal
Battles/wars	See battles Napoleonic Wars French invasion of Russia; War of the Sixth Coalition Battle of Leipzig; ; ; Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) Battle of Adrianople; ; November Uprising Battle of Nur; Battle of Ostrołęka; Battle of Warsaw; ; Crimean War Baltic theatre; ; January Uprising;

Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Graf^[a] von Berg (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg, Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Берг, tr. Fëdor Fëdorovič Berg; 15 May [O.S. 26] 1794 – 6 January [O.S. 18] 1874) was an Imperial Russian nobleman, statesman, diplomat and general of Baltic German descent. Berg was a count of the Austrian Empire and Grand Duchy of Finland^[1] and the 5th last man to be promoted General-Field Marshal in the history of the Russian Empire. He served as the Governor-General of Finland^[2] from 1854^{[citation needed]} to 1861 and the last Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland from 1863 to 1874.

Berg was most notable for his role as the viceroy of Finland and Poland. He led Russian military efforts during the Åland War, a minor theater of the Crimean War, and also played a crucial role in suppressing the 1863 January Uprising by Congress Poland; during the uprising, the Poles carried out numerous unsuccessful assassination attempts on him, which led martial law to be consequently declared in Poland. Berg also held responsible for improving the economy and industry of Finland and Poland during his time as viceroy.^[3] As a German, Berg was never keen of the Russification policies introduced in Poland, being opposed to the Pan-Slavism ideology of the Russians and keen towards the foreign policies of Germany.^[3] Outside of his military career, Berg was also a topographer and geodesist, being one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He died in St. Petersburg in 1874 and was buried in his family estate in Korten, Livonia (in now Pilskalns, Latvia).

Biography

Origin

Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg was born on 15 May 1794 (26 May according to the Julian calendar in use in Russia at the time), in the family estate in the small village of Sagnitz, in the Kreis Dorpat of the Governorate of Livonia. His father Friedrich Georg von Berg (1763–1811) was a state councillor and his mother Gertruda Wilhelmine von Ermes (1774–1844) was a young noblewoman, the younger Friedrich was the first cousin once removed^[b] of generals Gregor (1765–1838) and Burchard Magnus von Berg (1764–1838), both of whom served in the Russian Imperial Army during the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Genealogists still debate^[7] where the Livonian noble Berg family originated in, many speculated they originated in Westphalia. The first known ancestor of the family to appear in Livonia was Otto von Berg. His son, who was also named Otto, was a vassal of the Livonian Knighthood.

Friedrich belonged to the Sagnitz branch of the Luist line of the family. The Luist line^[5] was formed by Captain Gustav von Berg (1656–1715), and the further divided Sagnitz branch^[6] was formed by Friedrich's grandfather Major Gotthard Ernst von Berg (1714–1766).

Early life

Berg along with his siblings spent their childhood in the Sagnitz castle and were home educated by the young Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve.^[8] He was brought up as a Lutheran.^[9] After he finished his home education he studied in the Tartu Gymnasium in Dorpat. Originally not seeking a military career as a family tradition, Berg enrolled into the Philosophy faculty of Imperial University of Dorpat in 1810.^[10] But after Napoleon invaded of Russia in 1812, Berg dropped out from university and voluntarily entered the Russian Imperial Army. He entered the army as a Fahnenjunker and was enlisted into the 6th Libau Infantry Regiment which was stationed at the north-western part of Russia to defend against Napoleon. Berg's bravery during the war of 1812 rewarded him the rank of lieutenant from Alexander I personally. He was also appointed second to the quartermaster due to his high education and being multilingual among Russian soldiers at the time.

After Napoleon was pushed out of Russia, Berg was transferred to a partisan unit under the commands of Baron von Tettenborn and Pavel Kutuzov and took part in actions in Germany including the Battle of Leipzig.

Family

Berg was born the eldest son of a family with three siblings, including his younger brother Gustav "Astaf" Gotthard Karl von Berg, owner of the Alt-Ottenhof Manor.^[10] His other brother Alexander was a diplomat and consul in Naples and London.^[10] Count von Berg married late in his life. In 1839, after a long relationship with the Baroness de Sassè, he married^[10] a rich Milanese aristocrat Leopoldina Cicogna-Mozzoni (1786–1874), the widow of the Italian politician Alessandro Annoni, with whom he had no children. However, after his brother Gustav's death in 1861, Friedrich adopted his orphaned nephews and brought them under his care:

Friedrich Georg Magnus Graf von Berg (1845–1938)
Alexander Rembert Joachim Graf von Berg (1847–1893)
Georg Erich Rembert Graf von Berg (1849–1920)
Emilie Wilhelmine "Minni" Anna Marie Ulrike Pauline Gräfin von Berg (1852–1945)

Since his marriage was childless, his Austrian and Finnish comital titles were inherited by his nephews/adoptive children.

Honours and awards

Russian

Order of St. Anna, 3rd class (1813)
Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with a bow (1813)
Order of Saint Anna, 1st class with the Imperial Crown (1828, Imperial Crown in 1831)
Order of St. George, 3rd class (25.6.181829)
Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (1829)
Order of Virtuti Militari, Commander's Cross for military distinction (1831)
Order of the White Eagle (1833)
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1838, diamonds signs in 1845)
Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class (1848)
Gold Sword for Bravery with diamonds and the inscription "For a campaign to Hungary in 1849"
Order of St. Andrew with swords and diamond signs (7.08.1855, diamond signs in 11.8.1861)

Foreign

Kingdom of Prussia:
- Pour le Mérite with the Golden Crown (1813, Golden Crown in 1864)
- Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class (1835)
- Order of the Black Eagle with diamond marks (1845, diamond marks in 1865)
Kingdom of the Netherlands:
- Order of the Netherlands Lion, Great Cross (1849)
Kingdom of Hungary:
- Order of St. Stephen of Hungary, Nagykereszt (1849)
Kingdom of Sweden:
- Order of the Seraphim with diamond marks (1859, diamonds marks on 17.8.1860)
Kingdom of Greece:
- Order of the Redeemer, Great Cross (1868)

Publications

Le feldmaréchal-comte Berg, namiestnik dans le royaume de Pologne. Notice biographique. Warsaw 1872 – Autobiography

Notes

^ Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
^ Gregor and Burchard Magnus von Berg were the children of Magnus Johann von Berg,^[4] while Magnus Johann was the brother^[5] of Gotthard Ernst who was the grandfather^[6] of Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert

Citations

^ Grevliga ätten nr 11 BERG Archived 2007-10-22 at the Wayback Machine – Finnish House of Nobility
^ Governors-general of Finland
^ ^a ^b Haltzel, Michael H.; Lundin, C. Leonard; Plakans, Andrejs; Raun, Toivo U. (1981). Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914. Princeton University Press. JSTOR j.ctt7zv75v.
^ Stackelberg 1930, pp. 660.
^ ^a ^b Stackelberg 1930, pp. 659.
^ ^a ^b Stackelberg 1930, pp. 661.
^ Stackelberg 1930, pp. 654–655.
^ Fr. G. W. Struve Dorpat period
^ Stolberg-Wernigerode 1955, pp. 73.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stackelberg 1930, pp. 662.
^ ^a ^b Klingspor 1882, p. 10.

Works cited

Stackelberg, Otto Magnus (1930). "Genealogische Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften, Teil Estland, Band I, Seite 654-662 (Genealogical Handbook of the Baltic Knighthood, Part Estonia, Volume I, page 654-662)". personen.digitale-sammlungen.de (in German). Starke Verlag, Görlitz.
Klingspor, Carl Arvid (1882). "Baltisches Wappenbuch Wappen sämmtlicher, den Ritterschaften von Livland, Estland, Kurland und Oesel zugehörigen Adelsgeschlechter, Seite 10 (The coat of arms of the coat of arms is the coat of arms belonging to the knighthoods of Livonia, Estonia, Courland and Oesel, page 10)". personen.digitale-sammlungen.de (in German). Stockholm.
"Deutschbaltisches Biographisches Lexikon, Seite 49-52 (Baltic German Biographical Dictionary, page 49-52)". bbld.de (in German). Buchhandlung v. Hirschheydt, Wedemark. 1998.
"Военная энциклопедия, страница 478 (Military Encyclopaedia, page 478)". ru.m.wikisource.org (in Russian). Sytin, Moscow. 1911–1915.
Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto zu (1955). "Neue deutsche Biographie, Band: 2, Behaim - Bürkel, seite 73-74 (New German Biography, Volume: 2, page 73-74)". daten.digitale-sammlungen.de (in German). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.

General sources

Soloviev, Boris Ivanovich (2000). "Генерал-фельдмаршалы России (General-Field Marshals of Russia". hrono.ru (in Russian). Phoenix, Rostov-on-Don.
Dick, Wolfgang R. (1996). "Die Dorpater Struves und der Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Berg. In: Jahrbuch der Akademischen Gesellschaft für deutschbaltische Kultur in Tartu (Dorpat). Band 1. Seite 61-66 (The Dorpater Struves and the General-Field Marshal Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Berg. In: Yearbook of the Academic Society for Baltic-German Culture in Tartu (Dorpat). Volume 1. Page 61-66)". researchgate.net (in German). Tartu.

Political offices
Preceded by Alexander Menshikov	Governor-General of Finland 1855^{[citation needed]}–1861	Succeeded by Platon Rokassovsky [ru]
Preceded by Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich	Viceroy of Poland 1863–1874	Succeeded by Paul Demetrius von Kotzebue as Governor-General of Warsaw