Open-mid front rounded vowel

Open-mid front protruded vowel
Open-mid front protruded vowel
œ̫
œʷ
ɛʷ

Open-mid front rounded vowel
Open-mid front rounded vowel
œ
IPA Number	311
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	œ
Unicode (hex)	U+0153
X-SAMPA	9
Braille
Image

IPA: Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel,^[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨œ⟩. The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. The letter ⟨ɶ⟩, a small capital version of the ⟨Œ⟩ ligature, is used for a different vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel.

Open-mid front compressed vowel

The open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨œ⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɛ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɛ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɛᵝ⟩ ([ɛ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨œ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Asturian	Some Western dialects^[2]	fuöra	[ˈfwœɾɐ]	'outside'	Realization of ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong ⟨uo⟩. May also be realized as [ɵ] or [ø].
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect^[3]	Seil	[sœː]	'rope'	Contrasts close [y], near-close [ø̝], close-mid [ø] and open-mid [œ] front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].^[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶ⟩.
Bavarian	Northern^[4]	I helfad	[i ˈhœlʲfɐd̥]	'I'd help'	Allophone of /ɛ/ before /l/.^[4]
Breton	All speakers^[5]	leur	[lœːr]	'floor'	Short counterpart of /øː/.^[6] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩.
Breton	Bas-Léon^[6]	^{[example needed]}			Long; contrasts with the short open-mid /œ/ and the long close-mid /øː/. Other speakers have only one mid front rounded vowel /øː/.^[6]
Buwal^[7]		[kʷœ̄lɛ̄lɛ̄]		'fine'	Allophone of /a/ when adjacent to a labialized consonant.^[7]
Chinese	Cantonese	長 / cheung4	[tsʰœːŋ˩]	'long'	See Cantonese phonology
Lombard	Lombard	fiœ	[fjœː]	'boy','man'	Occurs naturally in the language, most frequently in western and northern regions, alternating with ø in many words, and rendered under the letter 'œ', while [ø] is under the letter ö.
Danish	Standard^[8]	gøre	[ˈkœːɐ]	'to do'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard^[9]^[10]	manoeuvre	[maˈnœːvrə]^ⓘ	'manoeuvre'	Occurs only in a few loanwords.^[9]^[10] See Dutch phonology
	Some speakers^[11]	parfum	[pɑrˈfœ̃ː]	'perfume'	Nasalized; occurs only in a few loanwords and it is used mainly in southern accents. Often nativized as [ʏm].^[11] See Dutch phonology
	The Hague dialect^[12]	uit	[œːt]	'out'	Corresponds to [œy] in standard Dutch.^[13] See Dutch phonology
English	General New Zealand^[14]^[15]	bird	[bœːd]	'bird'	May be mid [œ̝ː] instead. In broader varieties, it is close-mid or higher.^[14]^[15]^[16] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɵː⟩. See New Zealand English phonology
	Scouse^[17]				Possible realization of the merged SQUARE–NURSE vowel /eː/.^[17]
	Southern Welsh^[18]				Also described as mid [œ̝ː]^[19] and close-mid [øː].^[20]^[21]
	General South African^[22]	go	[ɡœː]	'go'	Some speakers. Can be a diphthong of the type [œʉ̯]~[œɘ̯] instead. Other South African varieties do not monophthongize. See South African English phonology
French^[23]^[24]		jeune	[ʒœn]^ⓘ	'young'	See French phonology
Galician^[25]		semana	[s̺œˈmãnɐ̃]	ˈweek'	Labialization of pre-tonic [e], which is usually realized as [o]
German	Standard^[26]	Hölle	[ˈhœlə]	'hell'	See Standard German phonology
German	Western Swiss accents^[27]	schön	[ʃœːn]	'beautiful'	Close-mid [øː] in other accents.^[28] See Standard German phonology
Limburgish	Many dialects^[29]^[30]	mäö	[mœː]	'sleeve'	Central [ɞː] in Maastricht;^[31] the example word is from the Hasselt dialect.
Low German^[32]		söss / zös	[zœs]	'six'
Low German^[32]	Espírito Santo East Pomeranian^[33]	['hœɫ]		'hell'
Saterland Frisian^[34]^[35]		bölkje	[ˈbœlkjə]	'to rear'
West Frisian	Hindeloopers^[36]	^{[example needed]}			See West Frisian phonology
West Frisian	Súdwesthoeksk^[36]^[37]	skoalle	[ˈskœlə]	'school'	See West Frisian phonology

Open-mid front protruded vowel

Catford notes^{[full citation needed]} that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One Scandinavian language, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨œʷ⟩ or ⟨ɛʷ⟩ (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel [œ] and the unrounded open-mid front vowel [ɛ].

Features

Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Norwegian^[38]^[39]		nøtt	[nœ̫tː]	'nut'	The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has also been described as mid central [ɞ̝].^[40] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish	Central Standard^[41]^[42]^[43]	öra	[²œ̫ːra̠]^ⓘ	'ear'	Allophone of /œ/ and most often also /øː/ before /r/.^[41]^[42]^[43] May be more open [ɶ, ɶː] for younger speakers from Stockholm.^[43] See Swedish phonology
Swedish	Younger Stockholm speakers^[43]	köpa	[²ɕœ̫ːpa̠]	'to buy'	Higher [øː] for other speakers. See Swedish phonology

Notes

^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^ García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (2015-09-01). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in undetermined language). 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.
^ ^a ^b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
^ ^a ^b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
^ Ternes (1992), p. 433.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.
^ ^a ^b Viljoen (2013), p. 50.
^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
^ ^a ^b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
^ ^a ^b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 137.
^ ^a ^b van de Velde & van Hout (2002).
^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 135–136.
^ ^a ^b Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 188.
^ ^a ^b Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.
^ Wells (1982), p. 607.
^ ^a ^b Cruttenden (2014), pp. 118, 138.
^ Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
^ Wells (1982), p. 381.
^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
^ Lass (2002), p. 118.
^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
^ Freixeiro Mato, X. Ramón. (2006). Gramática da lingua galega (2. ed.). [Vigo, Spain]: Edicions A Nosa Terra. ISBN 84-8341-060-5. OCLC 213259857.
^ Hall (2003), pp. 97, 107.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
^ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
^ Schaeffer & Meireles (2014), p. 51.
^ Fort (2001), p. 411.
^ Peters (2017), p. ?.
^ ^a ^b van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
^ Hoekstra (2001), p. 83.
^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
^ ^a ^b Eliasson (1986), p. 273.
^ ^a ^b Thorén & Petterson (1992), pp. 13–14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Riad (2014), p. 38.

References

Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
Fort, Marron C. (2001), "36. Das Saterfriesische", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 409–422, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Hoekstra, Jarich (2001), "12. Standard West Frisian", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 83–98, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
Prehn, Maike (2012). Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon (PDF) (PhD). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-077-5.
Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437, ISBN 0-415-00308-3
Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 0-521-23127-2
Thorén, Bosse; Petterson, Nils-Owe (1992), Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar, Svenska institutet, ISBN 91-520-0284-5
Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (2002), "Uitspraakvariatie in leenwoorden", in Hiligsmann, Philippe; Leijnse, Elisabeth (eds.), NVT-onderwijs en -onderzoek in Franstalig gebied, Nijmegen: Vantilt, pp. 77–95
van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001), "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 98–116, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
Viljoen, Melanie Helen (2013), A grammatical description of the Buwal language, Melbourne: La Trobe University
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
Schaeffer, Shirlei C. B.; Meireles, Alexsandro R. (2014), "Descrição sonora da língua pomerana", Letras de Hoje, 49 (1): 46, doi:10.15448/1984-7726.2014.1.14700

External links

List of languages with [œ] on PHOIBLE

[1] While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".

[2] García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (2015-09-01). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in undetermined language). 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.

[tm82-3] Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)

[FOOTNOTERowley1990422-4] Rowley (1990), p. 422.

[FOOTNOTETernes1992433-5] Ternes (1992), p. 433.

[FOOTNOTETernes1992431,_433-6] Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.

[FOOTNOTEViljoen201350-7] Viljoen (2013), p. 50.

[FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100-8] Grønnum (1998), p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199976-9] Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003137-10] Collins & Mees (2003), p. 137.

[FOOTNOTEvan_de_Veldevan_Hout2002-11] van de Velde & van Hout (2002).

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003136-12] Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003135–136-13] Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 135–136.

[FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999188-14] Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 188.

[FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004582,_591-15] Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.

[FOOTNOTEWells1982607-16] Wells (1982), p. 607.

[FOOTNOTECruttenden2014118,_138-17] Cruttenden (2014), pp. 118, 138.

[FOOTNOTEPenhallurick2004104-18] Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.

[FOOTNOTEWells1982381-19] Wells (1982), p. 381.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees199095-20] Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.

[FOOTNOTEConnolly1990125-21] Connolly (1990), p. 125.

[FOOTNOTELass2002118-22] Lass (2002), p. 118.

[FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-23] Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013225-24] Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.

[25] Freixeiro Mato, X. Ramón. (2006). Gramática da lingua galega (2. ed.). [Vigo, Spain]: Edicions A Nosa Terra. ISBN 84-8341-060-5. OCLC 213259857.

[FOOTNOTEHall200397,_107-26] Hall (2003), pp. 97, 107.

[FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201565-27] Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.

[FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201534,_65-28] Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.

[FOOTNOTEPeters2006119-29] Peters (2006), p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEVerhoeven2007221-30] Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.

[FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999159-31] Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTEPrehn2012157-32] Prehn (2012), p. 157.

[FOOTNOTESchaefferMeireles201451-33] Schaeffer & Meireles (2014), p. 51.

[FOOTNOTEFort2001411-34] Fort (2001), p. 411.

[FOOTNOTEPeters2017?-35] Peters (2017), p. ?.

[FOOTNOTEvan_der_Veen2001102-36] van der Veen (2001), p. 102.

[FOOTNOTEHoekstra200183-37] Hoekstra (2001), p. 83.

[FOOTNOTEVanvik197913,_20-38] Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.

[FOOTNOTEKvifteGude-Husken20052-39] Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200016–17-40] Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.

[FOOTNOTEEliasson1986273-41] Eliasson (1986), p. 273.

[FOOTNOTEThorénPetterson199213–14-42] Thorén & Petterson (1992), pp. 13–14.

[FOOTNOTERiad201438-43] Riad (2014), p. 38.

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Open-mid front rounded vowel

Open-mid front compressed vowel

Features

Occurrence

Open-mid front protruded vowel

Features

Occurrence

Notes

References

External links

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