Voiced labiodental nasal

Voiced labiodental nasal
Voiced labiodental nasal
ɱ
IPA Number	115
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɱ
Unicode (hex)	U+0271
X-SAMPA	F
Braille
Image

The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɱ⟩. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an m with a dental diacritic: ⟨m̪⟩ (for example in extIPA, where the two transcriptions are presented as variants).^[1]

The labiodental pronunciation of [ɱ] is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal [m], but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v], though air escapes between the lip and the teeth in the case of the fricatives.

Although commonly appearing in languages, it is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants [f] and [v]. A phonemic /ɱ/ has only been reported for the Kukuya language, which contrasts it with /m, mpf, mbv/ and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is [ɱʷ] before /a/ and [ɱ] before /i/ and /e/, perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels /o/ and /u/.^[2]

It is doubted by some scholars that true closure can be made by a labiodental gesture because of gaps between the incisors, which for many speakers would allow air to flow during the occlusion.^[3] This is particularly pertinent considering that one of the Kukuya words with this consonant, /ɱáá/, means a 'gap between filed incisors,'^[4] a practice of the local people. The /ɱ/ might therefore be better characterized as a labiodental nasal approximant than as a nasal occlusive.

Nonetheless, [ɱ] is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of /m/ and a very common allophone of /n/ before the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v], as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language, [ɱ] occurs as an allophone of /m/ before /ə/. In Drubea, [ɱ] is reported as an allophone of /v/ before nasal vowels.^[5]

A proposal to retire the letter ⟨ɱ⟩ was made in the run-up to the Kiel Convention of 1989, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by ⟨m̪⟩, but the proposal was defeated in committee.^[6]^[7]

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental nasal:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Phonemic /ɱ/ is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before [f] or [v], however, [ɱ] is very common.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Hejazi	قُرُنْفُل gurunful	[gʊrʊɱfʊl]	'clove'	See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Catalan		limfa	[ˈlĩɱfɐ]	'lymph'	See Catalan phonology
Czech		tramvaj	[ˈtraɱvaj]	'tram'	See Czech phonology
Danish		symfoni	[syɱfoˈniˀ]	'symphony'	See Danish phonology
Dutch^[8]^[9]		omvallen	[ˈʔɔɱvɑlə(n)]	'to fall over'	See Dutch phonology
English		symphony	[ˈsɪɱfəni]^ⓘ	'symphony'	Allophone of /m/ before /f/ and /v/ See English phonology.
Finnish		kamferi	[ˈkɑɱfe̞ri]	'camphor'	See Finnish phonology
German		fünf	[fʏɱf]	'five'	See German phonology
Greek^[10]		έμβρυο émvryo	[ˈe̞ɱvrio̞]	'embryo'	Learned or careful pronunciation. See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		סימפוניה simfonya	[siɱˈfonja]	'symphony'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian		hamvad	[ˈhɒɱvɒd]	'smoulder'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian^[11]		invece	[iɱˈveːt͡ʃe]	'instead'	See Italian phonology
Kukuya^[12]		[ɱíì]		'eyes'	Phonemic, distinguishes /m/ and /ɱ/.
Macedonian		трамвај tramvaj	[traɱˈvaj]	'tram'	See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian		komfyr	[kɔɱˈfyːɾ]	'stove'	See Norwegian phonology
Polish		symfonia	[sɘ̟ɱˈfɔɲ̟ä]	'symphony'	See Polish phonology
Romanian		învăța	[ɨɱvəˈt͡sä]	'to learn'	See Romanian phonology
Russian		амфора amfora	['aɱfərə]	'amphora'	See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[13]		трамвај / tramvaj	[trǎɱʋäj]	'tram'	Allophone of /m/ and /n/ before /f/ and /ʋ/.^[13] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene^[14]		simfonija	[siɱfoˈníːjà]	'symphony'	Allophone of /m/ and /n/ before /f/ and /ʋ/.^[14]
Spanish^[15]		influir	[iɱfluˈiɾ]	'to have influence'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish		framför	[ˈfɾâɱˌfɶːɾ]	'in front of', 'performs'	See Swedish phonology
West Frisian		ûnwis	[uːɱ'ʋɪs]	'unsure'	Allophone of /n/ before labiodental sounds.
Yuanmen		戴 (帽子)	[ɱoː⁶]	'wear'	Was briefly phonemic before merging with /m/.^[16]

References

^ Duckworth et al. (1990) Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4: 4: 276.
^ Paulian (1975:57)
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:18)
^ Paulian (1975:40)
^ Hajek, John (2009). "Labiodental ɱ in Drubea". Oceanic Linguistics. 48 (2): 484–487. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0048.
^ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice
^ JIPA 18(2) p.85.
^ Kooij & Van Oostendorp (2003:9)
^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
^ Newton (1972:10)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:118)
^ Paulian (1975:41)
^ ^a ^b Landau et al. (1999:67)
^ ^a ^b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
^ Norquest (2007:107)

Bibliography

Kooij, Jan; Van Oostendorp, Marc (2003), Fonologie: uitnodiging tot de klankleer van het Nederlands, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 9789053566220
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwells
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Newton, Brian (1972), The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press
Paulian, Christiane (1975), Le Kukuya Langue Teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales, Peeters Publishers
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Norquest, Peter K. (2007). A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Arizona. hdl:10150/194203. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-14.