Tirhuta script

Tirhuta
Mithilakshar
𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰‎‎
Tirhuta; Mithilakshar; 𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰‎‎
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. 13th century–present day
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Maithili, Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī Gupta Siddhaṃ Gaudi Tirhuta; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Sister systems	Bengali–Assamese, Odia
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Tirh (326), Tirhuta
Unicode
Unicode alias	Tirhuta
Unicode range	U+11480–U+114DF; Final Accepted Script Proposal

You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly.

The Tirhuta or Maithili script was the primary historical script for the Maithili language, as well as one of the historical scripts for Sanskrit. It is believed to have originated in the 10th century CE. It is very similar to Bengali–Assamese script, with most consonants being effectively identical in appearance. For the most part, writing in Maithili has switched to the Devanagari script, which is used to write neighbouring Central Indic languages to the west and north such as Hindi and Nepali, and the number of people with a working knowledge of Tirhuta has dropped considerably in recent years.

History and current status

Before 14th CE, Tirhuta was exclusively used to write Sanskrit, later Maithili was written in this script. Despite the near universal switch from Tirhuta to the Devanagari script for writing Maithili, some traditional pundits still use the script for sending one another ceremonial letters (pātā) related to some important function such as marriage. Metal type for this script was first produced in the 1920s, and digital fonts in the 1990s.^[1]

The 2003 inclusion of Maithili in the VIIIth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, having accorded official recognition to it as a language independent of Hindi, there is a possibility that this might lead to efforts to re-implement Tirhuta on a wider basis, in accord with similar trends in India reinforcing separate identities. However, currently, only Maithili in the Devanagari script is officially recognized.

Characters

Consonant letters

Most of the consonant letters are effectively identical to Bengali–Assamese. The Unicode submission, for example, only bothered to create new graphic designs for 7 of the 33 letters: ⟨jh, ṭ, ḍh, ṇ, l, ś, h⟩.

Consonants
Sign		beng.	Transcription
Image	Text	beng.	IAST	IPA
	𑒏‎	ক	ka	/kə/
	𑒐‎	খ	kha	/kʰə/
	𑒑‎	গ	ga	/gə/
	𑒒‎	ঘ	gha	/gʱə/
	𑒓‎	ঙ	ṅa	/ŋə/
	𑒔‎	চ	ca	/t͡ʃə/
	𑒕‎	ছ	cha	/t͡ʃʰə/
	𑒖‎	জ	ja	/d͡ʒə/
	𑒗‎	ঝ	jha	/d͡ʒʱə/
	𑒘‎	ঞ	ña	/ɲə/
	𑒙‎	ট	ṭa	/ʈə/
	𑒚‎	ঠ	ṭha	/ʈʰə/
	𑒛‎	ড	ḍa	/ɖə/
	𑒜‎	ঢ	ḍha	/ɖʱə/
	𑒝‎	ণ	ṇa	/ɳə/
	𑒞‎	ত	ta	/t̪ə/
	𑒟‎	থ	tha	/t̪ʰə/
	𑒠‎	দ	da	/d̪ə/
	𑒡‎	ধ	dha	/d̪ʱə/
	𑒢‎	ন	na	/nə/
	𑒣‎	প	pa	/pə/
	𑒤‎	ফ	pha	/pʰə/
	𑒥‎	ব	ba	/bə/
	𑒦‎	ভ	bha	/bʱə/
	𑒧‎	ম	ma	/mə/
	𑒨‎	য	ya	/jə/
	𑒩‎	র	ra	/rə/
	𑒪‎	ল	la	/lə/
	𑒫‎	-	va	/ʋə/
	𑒬‎	শ	śa	/ʃə/
	𑒭‎	ষ	ṣa	/ʂə/
	𑒮‎	স	sa	/sə/
	𑒯‎	হ	ha	/ɦə/

Vowels

Vowels
Independent		Dependent		Transcription
Image	Text	Image	Text	IAST	IPA
	𑒁‎			a	/а/
	𑒂‎		𑒰‎	ā	/аː/
	𑒃‎		𑒱‎	і	/і/
	𑒄‎		𑒲‎	ī	/іː/
	𑒅‎		𑒳‎	u	/u/
	𑒆‎		𑒴‎	ū	/uː/
	𑒇‎		𑒵‎	ṛ	/r̩/
	𑒈‎		𑒶‎	ṝ	/r̩ː/
	𑒉‎		𑒷‎	ḷ	/l̩/
	𑒊‎		𑒸‎	ḹ	/l̩ː/
	𑒋‎		𑒹‎	ē	/еː/
			𑒺‎	e	/е/
	𑒌‎		𑒻‎	аі	/аі/
	𑒍‎		𑒼‎	ō	/оː/
			𑒽‎	о	/о/
	𑒎‎		𑒾‎	аu	/аu/

Other signs

Other dependent signs
Text	Name	Notes
𑒿‎	chandrabindu	marks the nasalization of a vowel
𑓀‎	anusvara	marks nasalization
𑓁‎	visarga	marks the sound [h], which is an allophone of [r] and [s] in pausa (at the end of an utterance)
𑓂‎	virama	used to suppress the inherent vowel
𑓃‎	nukta	used to create new consonant signs
𑓄‎	avagraha	used to indicate prodelision of an [a]
𑓅‎	gvang	used to mark nasalization
𑓇‎	Om	Om sign

Numerals

Tirhuta script uses its own signs for the positional decimal numeral system.

Digits
Image
Text	𑓐‎	𑓑‎	𑓒‎	𑓓‎	𑓔‎	𑓕‎	𑓖‎	𑓗‎	𑓘‎	𑓙‎
Digit	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Image gallery

The first two images shown below are samples illustrating the history of Tirhuta. The first is the sacred sign of Ganesha, called āñjī, used for millennia by students before beginning Tirhuta studies. Displayed further below are images of tables comparing the Tirhuta and Devanagari scripts.

Unicode

Tirhuta script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Tirhuta is U+11480–U+114DF:

Tirhuta^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1148x	𑒀‎	𑒁‎	𑒂‎	𑒃‎	𑒄‎	𑒅‎	𑒆‎	𑒇‎	𑒈‎	𑒉‎	𑒊‎	𑒋‎	𑒌‎	𑒍‎	𑒎‎	𑒏‎
U+1149x	𑒐‎	𑒑‎	𑒒‎	𑒓‎	𑒔‎	𑒕‎	𑒖‎	𑒗‎	𑒘‎	𑒙‎	𑒚‎	𑒛‎	𑒜‎	𑒝‎	𑒞‎	𑒟‎
U+114Ax	𑒠‎	𑒡‎	𑒢‎	𑒣‎	𑒤‎	𑒥‎	𑒦‎	𑒧‎	𑒨‎	𑒩‎	𑒪‎	𑒫‎	𑒬‎	𑒭‎	𑒮‎	𑒯‎
U+114Bx	𑒰‎	𑒱‎	𑒲‎	𑒳‎	𑒴‎	𑒵‎	𑒶‎	𑒷‎	𑒸‎	𑒹‎	𑒺‎	𑒻‎	𑒼‎	𑒽‎	𑒾‎	𑒿‎
U+114Cx	𑓀‎	𑓁‎	𑓂‎	𑓃‎	𑓄‎	𑓅‎	𑓆‎	𑓇‎
U+114Dx	𑓐‎	𑓑‎	𑓒‎	𑓓‎	𑓔‎	𑓕‎	𑓖‎	𑓗‎	𑓘‎	𑓙‎
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References

^ ^a ^b Pandey, Anshuman (5 May 2011). "N4035: Proposal to Encode the Tirhuta Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016.
^ Daniels, Peter T. (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 41.