18世紀半ばのイギリスでは、産業革命によって工業化が急速に進み、ロンドンでは19世紀に入ると、汚染の酷い時期の「死者の増加数」が発表されるほど大気汚染は深刻化した。1905年には医師H. A. デ・ボーがロンドンの大気汚染に対してsmoke(煙)とfog(霧)を合成したsmog(スモッグ)という言葉を初めて用いた[2]。以下、20世紀前半からの世界の大規模な大気汚染の事例を挙げる。
先進国では1950年代 - 1970年代に大気汚染物質の環境基準が設定された。世界レベルでは、1987年に世界保健機関(WHO)ヨーロッパ地域事務局が"Air Quality Guidelines for Europe"(ヨーロッパ空気質指針)を策定し27種類の物質の基準を定め、1999年にはこれを拡張して全世界に適用できるよう調整した"Guidelines For Air Quality"(空気質指針)を発表、その後2000年に37物質、2005年に4物質の基準を変更・追加している[64][65]。
以下は、1999年、2000年、2005年発表のWHOの「空気質指針」(WHO AQG(1999), WHO AQG(2000), WHO AQG(2005))にリストされている大気汚染物質の一覧である。異なる物質同士の値の大小で単純に害の大小を比較することはできない。またこの値は、個々の物質について独立に健康影響を評価した指針値であり、複数の物質が混合した場合の相乗効果などについては考慮していない[71][72][73][64]。
^概要の節では十分なエビデンスがないため値を明示していないが、解説文では1µg/m3という目安を記載し"These concentrations will also sufficiently protect human health"(この濃度でも十分に人の健康を守れる)としている。“WHO air quality guidelines for Europe”2000年、143-145頁
^オランダにおける年間推定値が0.01µg/m3、他ヨーロッパ10カ国の調査でも検出限界である0.3µg/m3よりはるかに低い値であった。物質を扱う工場内では100µg/m3を超えるが、周囲1kmでは10µg/m3未満に低下する。出典:“WHO air quality guidelines for Europe”2000年、59-62頁
^ abアメリカにおける全職業平均値が0.098ppm、物質を扱う産業では2.12ppm。ヨーロッパの都市周辺の大気では2-20µg/m3以下、カナダの家庭やオフィスで0.3µg/m3程度。煙草は1,2-ブタジエンが含まれ、煙草の煙がある室内では10-20µg/m3になる。出典:“WHO air quality guidelines for Europe”2000年、67-70頁
^ ab使用現場や工場付近では1x105-2x106fiber/m3になる。ロックウール、スラグウール、セラミック繊維など一部はIARC分類2Bである。またセラミック繊維にはユニットリスク値を示すエビデンスがある。しかし、測定対象となる全体のエビデンスがないため指針値を定めていない。出典:“WHO air quality guidelines for Europe”2000年、206-208頁
“Guidelines for Air Quality”、World Health Organization(世界保健機関)、1999年(Web版[1]) - 空気質指針の1999年版
“WHO air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, 2000”、World Health Organization Europe(世界保健機関ヨーロッパ地方事務局)、2000年 ISBN 92-890-1358-3(Web版[2]) - 空気質指針の2000年版
“Air quality guidelines -Global update 2005- Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide”、World Health Organization(世界保健機関)、2006年 ISBN 92-890-2192-6(Web版[3]) - 空気質指針の2005年改正版
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