在生前,穆罕默德又在蓋迪爾胡木的演說提到阿里也是受真主所託的領導人,一些聖訓也提到此事,例如聖伴巴拉(阿拉伯语:البراء بن عازب)述說先知在當時高舉阿里的手,並向穆斯林稱「那些跟隨我、信服我的人們也要跟隨和信服阿里」。另一位聖伴扎伊德·伊本·艾爾蓋姆(阿拉伯语:زيد بن أرقم)則敘述先知在那時把《古蘭經》和他的家眷交託給他們,並叮囑他們要認真看待。艾爾蓋姆的說法通過多方的轉述,什葉派和遜尼派皆認可它的真確性,後來的什葉派倚之為重要的依據立論支持阿里繼承穆罕默德的地位[28]。
據說侯賽因早已預知了自己的死亡,但仍慷慨就義[47]。對什葉派而言,侯賽因的犧牲之於伊斯蘭教相當於耶穌之於基督教,突顯出他的獻身精神,代表了什葉派的理想和圖騰,伊瑪目的自我犧牲和面對暴政挺身而出追求正義成為了什葉派的信仰[48]。伊斯蘭教史學家海因茨·赫爾姆(英语:Heinz Halm)認為卡爾巴拉的慘劇是一次「大爆炸」,構建了什葉派的宇宙,他們對事件的看法成為了綱領[49]。學者賽義德·侯賽因·穆罕默德·賈法里(Sayyid Husayn Muhammad Ja'fari)亦提到此事的重大影響,稱「庫費的阿里支持者誠心請求侯賽因到來帶領他們,但他們卻無法在關鍵時刻與他站在一起,隨後意識到自己的無能和軟弱造成了慘劇。大感懊悔的他們自稱為『懺悔者』,務求要為侯賽因復仇,以死明志」[50]。
雖然早期的什葉派神學家曾經相信人類的行為冥冥中受到真主的主宰,如希沙姆·伊本·哈卡姆(阿拉伯语:هشام بن الحكم الكوفي),但這個觀點逐漸不再受到歡迎,因為如果真主已經預定由先知穆罕默德的後裔領導穆斯林,那麼伊瑪目理應當權[120]。什葉派拒信遜尼派的宿命論,並提出如果相信宿命論,那就不能同時相信末日審判,因為如果真主決定了人類的所作所為,那麼祂要為自己預定的那些罪惡、敗壞、僭越、多神崇拜、拒信和不義而施加懲罰是毫無道理和不公道[121]。他們論證人類必須有某程度上的自由意志,要為自己的行為而負責[122]。
與穆爾太齊賴派一樣,穆菲德認為動作的本身僅僅表明具備這樣的能力,實際行使這些能力是人類的意志所驅動,但他並沒有表示其自身的行為是其人所創[123]。另一位什葉派學者伊本·瓦齊爾(阿拉伯语:محمد بن إبراهيم الوزير)認為人類採取的行動並非真主強加,而是出於本意,但因為有真主的意願和力量,人類才可以實現這些行動[124]。另一位中世紀著名什葉派學者納西爾·庫斯勞(阿拉伯语:ناصر خسرو)解釋,人類介乎野獸與天使之間,野獸只有獸性而無理性思考的能力,而天使只有理性而無行惡之力,因而他們都不會因為他們的行為得到賞罰,但人類既能被邪念所誘,亦具理智抑制這些念頭[125]。
極端派是指一些神化阿里的什葉派教派,據指是伊瑪目賈法爾·薩迪克一些最親近的門徒根據他私下指導的學說後創立,薩迪克譴責公開傳播這些學說的人[235]。什葉派認為中世紀的波斯煉金術士賈比爾是該派的穆斯林,他對賈法爾·薩迪克及自身的神化被認為是早期的極端派信眾[236]。《書中之母(阿拉伯语:أم الكتاب (كتاب شيعي))》是最早記載極端派思想的文本,敘述了把穆罕默德、阿里、法蒂瑪、哈桑及侯賽因神化的學說[237][238]。正如研究伊斯蘭教學者的海因茨·哈爾姆(德语:Heinz Halm)所言,極端派的神話隨著什葉派教義的發展一直「如形隨影」[237]。
伊朗是現時唯一一個以什葉派伊斯蘭教為國教的國家[250]。伊朗伊斯蘭共和國憲法第12條列明「伊朗的官方宗教是伊斯蘭教及十二伊瑪目派賈法里學派思想,此條應保留永恆不變」[251]。促成黎巴嫩立國的國家契約(阿拉伯语:الميثاق الوطني (لبنان))承認什葉派,訂明黎巴嫩議會議長一職由什葉派穆斯林擔任。在沙地阿拉伯,即使什葉派受到不同方式的歧視和限制,但他們獲准保留他們的家事法庭,什葉派穆斯林的家事可根據賈法里派的法律處理[252]。
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Zeiny, Esmail; Fotouhi, Sanaz, Seen and Unseen: Visual Cultures of Imperialism, Brill, 2017, ISBN 9004357017(英语)
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Raymond, André, Cairo, Harvard University Press, 2000, ISBN 0674003160(英语)
Komaroff, Linda, Islamic art in the Metropolitan Museum: The Historical Context, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992, ISBN 0300193564(英语)
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Klein, Aaron, The Late Great State of Israel: How Enemies Within and Without Threaten the Jewish Nation's Survival, WND Books, 2009, ISBN 1935071084(英语)
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Untuk sosiolog, lihat Robert King Merton. Robert C. MertonLahir31 Juli 1944 (umur 79)New York City, New York, Amerika SerikatKebangsaanAmerika SerikatAlmamaterUniversitas ColumbiaCaltechMITDikenal atasBlack–Scholes model ICAPM Merton's portfolio problemMerton ModelModel Jarrow-TurnbullManajemen kapital jangka panjangPenghargaanPenghargaan Nobel dalam Ekonomi (1997) Lifetime Achievement in Mathematical Finance (1999)Karier ilmiahBidangFinansial, EkonomiPembimbing doktoralPaul Samuelson Rob…
Ardenno commune di Italia Ardenno (it) Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaLombardyProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Sondrio NegaraItalia Ibu kotaArdenno PendudukTotal3.214 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah17,14 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian266 m Berbatasan denganBuglio in Monte Civo Forcola Dazio Talamona Val Masino Berbenno di Valtellina SejarahSanto pelindungLaurensius Informasi tambahanKode pos23011 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode tele…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan,…
Replika Istano Basa peninggalan Kerajaan Pagaruyung di Batusangkar, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat. Arsitektur Minangkabau adalah arsitektur vernakular Nusantara yang bentuk, struktur, fungsi, ragam hias, dan cara pembuatannya diwariskan secara turun temurun oleh masyarakat Minangkabau, khususnya yang mendiami wilayah Sumatera Barat. Arsitektur ini merupakan arsitektur yang sangat khas di Indonesia dengan karakteristik atap gonjong, yakni bentuk atap pelana yang melengkung ke atas seperti…
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Річки Києва — у Києві близько 70 малих[1] річок і струмків, і одна велика річка — Дніпро. Більшість малих річок і струмків заховані в колекторах. Зміст 1 Гідрографічна мережа Києва 2 Дніпро 3 Малі річки і струмки Києва 4 Історичні річки Києва 5 Див. також 6 Примітки 7 Пос…
Southeast Asian pay television network Television channel HBOCountrySingaporeBroadcast area Southeast Asia Bangladesh China Fiji Hong Kong Macau Nepal[1] Palau Papua New Guinea South Korea Sri Lanka[2] Taiwan Tuvalu NetworkHBOHeadquarters151 Lorong Chuan, New Technology Park 04-05, Serangoon Gardens, SingaporeProgrammingLanguage(s)English ChineseJapaneseMalayFilipinoIndonesianThaiVietnamesePicture format1080i HDTVOwnershipOwnerWarner Bros. Discovery Asia-PacificParentHome Box Off…
Orang Flanders(Vlamingen)Komunitas Flanders (merah) di Belgia.Daerah dengan populasi signifikan Belgia6.230.000[1] Prancis1,456,937[2]12,430 - 168,910[2] Amerika Serikat389,171[3] Afrika Selatan55,200[2] Australia15,130[2] Brasil6,000[2] Orang Flanders (bahasa Belanda: Vlamingen) adalah sebuah kelompok etnis berbahasa Belanda yang tinggal di Belgia. Mereka sebagian besar menghuni daerah utara Flanders. Mereka a…
Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ранне…
Reruntuhan Kuil Apollo di Delfi. Phokis (Yunani: Φωκείς) adalah daerah di Yunani Kuno, tepatnya di bagian tengah Yunani, yang meliputi Delfi. Sebuah prefektur modern, juga disebut Fokis, dinamai dari nama daerah kuno ini, meskipun daerah modernnya secara umum lebih luas dari yang kunonya. Pengawasan otoritas Integrated Authority File (Jerman)
العلاقات الإندونيسية الغيانية إندونيسيا غيانا إندونيسيا غيانا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الإندونيسية الغيانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إندونيسيا وغيانا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال…
Symphonic poem by Franz Liszt Festklänge, S. 101, is the seventh symphonic poem by Franz Liszt. Written in 1853 during Liszt's time in Weimar, it was first performed on 9 November 1854 and was published in 1857. The German title means festive sounds, and Liszt had intended the piece to be played at his wedding to Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein.[1] References ^ Godfrey, Margaret. Festklänge (I & II), symphonic poem for orchestra, S. 101. AllMusic. Retrieved 28 March 2014. Ex…
1898 convention against anarchists Part of a series onAnarchism History Outline Schools of thought Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Total liberation Individualist Egoist Free-market Naturist Philosophical Mutualism Postcolonial African Black Queer Religious Christian Jewish Social Collectivist Parecon Communist Magonism Without adjectives Methodology Agorism Illegalism Insurrectionary Communization Expropriative Pacifist Platformism Especifismo Relationship Syndicalist Synthesis Theory …
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Élection présidentielle de 2022. 2018 Élection présidentielle brésilienne de 2022 2 octobre 2022 (1er tour)30 octobre 2022 (2d tour) Corps électoral et résultats Inscrits 156 453 354 Votants au 1er tour 123 682 372 79,05 % 0,6 Votes exprimés au 1er tour 118 229 719 Blancs et nuls au 1er tour 5 452 653 Votants au 2d tour 124 252 796 79,42 % 0,7 Votes exprim…
Love in the AfternoonPoster rilis Amerika karya Saul BassSutradaraBilly WilderProduserBilly WilderSkenario Billy Wilder I.A.L. Diamond BerdasarkanAriane, jeune fille russeDrama 1920oleh Claude AnetPemeran Gary Cooper Audrey Hepburn Maurice Chevalier Penata musikHenri BettiMaurice de FeraudyMatty MalneckF. D. MarchettiCharles TrenetSinematograferWilliam MellorPenyuntingLeonide AzarPerusahaanproduksiAllied Artists Productions[1]DistributorAllied Artists Pictures CorporationTanggal ri…
Suku Ambon beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk pars pro toto dari orang yang berasal dari Kepulauan Maluku, lihat orang Maluku. Suku AmbonOrang AmbongSepasang pengantin Ambon mengenakan pakaian adatnya.Jumlah populasic. 1.590.000Daerah dengan populasi signifikan Indonesiac. 1.500.000 Belandac. 90.000BahasaAmbon, Indonesia, AsiluluAgamaProtestan (mayoritas), Islam Sunni, KatolikKelompok etnik terkaitMaluku, Melanesia Suku Ambon (Ambon: orang Ambong) adalah sebuah kelompok etnis dengan ras cam…
Make-up applied to the eyelids Eyeshadow redirects here. For the song by No Devotion, see Permanence (album). This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) An eye shadow palette with a wide variety of neutral and vibrant colors A mainly purple eye shadow look, with a brown shade blended in on the top. Eye shadow (or eyeshadow) is a…
Claudette Mukasakindi representing Rwanda in the women's marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London Medical personnel attending to an injured runner during the Kigali Peace Marathon In Rwanda, sport is supported by the government's Sports Development Policy of October 2012. This argues that sport has a number of benefits, including bringing people together, improving national pride and unity, and improving health. The policy identifies challenges to the development of sport in the country, i…