祇园精舍

地图
地图

27°30′34″N 82°02′24″E / 27.509466°N 82.040073°E / 27.509466; 82.040073

園精舍(梵語:Jetavana anāthapiṇḍadārāma,巴利語:Jetavana anāthapindikārāma)[註 1],全稱祇樹孤獨園,音寫為祇洹阿難bīn阿藍[註 2],簡稱祇園祇樹園祇陀林園逝多林園等,位于印度北部北方邦舍卫城南郊,是佛陀当年传習佛法的一大重要场所[18],建成時間比王舍城竹林精舍稍晚一些,是佛教史上第二栋专供佛教僧人使用的建筑物,也是佛陀在世时规模最大的精舍

祇園的「祇」指祇陀太子(又作逝多太子,意為戰勝),故祇林/祇樹又稱作祇陀林(Jeta-vana)、逝多林誓多林勝林戰勝林等,音寫為祇洹/祇桓祇陀槃那

概論

祇園精舍由拘萨罗国富商给孤独(巴利語:Anāthapiṇḍika;梵語:Anāthapiṇḍada)长者发愿建造。

給孤獨原名须达多(Sudatta),意为善授、善施,名如其人,他家財巨富,常周濟貧困,尤其是对孤独无依的人,因此人稱“給孤獨”,意爲“對孤獨無依之人(anātha)供給團食者(piṇḍada)”。他看到城南郊二公里处的一处园林,景色宜人,清雅幽静,正是设立精舍的理想地点。於是和园林拥有者祇陀(Jeta)商议。祇陀乃波斯匿王太子,富有無比,根本看不上須達多手上的銀錢,於是戲言「汝將黃金鋪滿園地,我方肯賣。」。須達多歡欣鼓舞,耗盡家資,終於達到要求,將金箔鋪滿了園地,祇陀太子感動而言:「園中土地,盡滿金箔,已為公得。惟我園中木未貼金箔,仍為我有。吾亦欲以獻佛也。」(白話:園中的土地,已經遍覆金箔,如願爲您所得。唯有園中的樹木您沒有貼金箔,仍然是我所有,現在我也願意貢獻給佛陀。)[19]波斯匿王、祇陀太子和給孤獨長者三人,因為捐贈祇園一事,後來被列入伽藍聖眾之列。

巴利語文獻中,並無黃金鋪滿園地,才肯賣出的敘述,而是就算給孤獨長者舖滿遍地黃金,祇陀太子也不願意出售。

佛陀後半生在此安居长达二十多年[20],因此现今流传的经典,大约有七、八成都是在这里讲说的。很多佛经比如《阿弥陀经》和《金刚经》开篇就提到佛陀「佛在舍卫国祇树给孤独園」。在佛教本生故事中,釋迦牟尼佛的過去世曾在這一片地區(仍是園林)作鹿王,跟此地有緣。

同名寺院

斯里兰卡也有一处“祇陀林”寺院,但与印度祇陀林非同一处。在斯里兰卡祇陀林上还建有佛塔和佛寺佛教部派之一祇陀林派就是以该寺爲学术中心而成立,并以此地命名的。

照片

註解

  1. ^ 全稱為祇陀林給孤獨園、逝多林給孤獨園。祇園或又寫作祗園,可唸作「」,因為祇陀精舍又譯作「耆陀精舍」[1][2]。又如Jī和Je音相近,Jīvaka英语Jīvaka譯作「耆」婆、「耆」婆伽、「耆」域、「祇」婆、「祇」域、「時」婆、「時」縛迦[3]Vṛji譯作跋「耆」、毘「時」、佛栗「氏」。又《洪武正韻》中,「祇」和「祗」都具有「旨而切」(ㄓˇ/zhǐ)和「渠宜切」(ㄑㄧˊ/qí )兩種音[4][5]。「祇」和「祗」互為對方之異體字,作神明之義,音發ㄑㄧˊ/qí,作恭敬或但、只之義,音發ㄓ、ㄓˇ/zhī、zhǐ[6][7]
  2. ^ 祇洹為梵、巴:Jetavana/犍:Jedavana[8]的音寫,如同須陀洹為梵:Srotāpanna/巴:Sotapanna/犍:Sodavaṇa[9]的音寫,泥洹、泥曰為梵:Nirvāṇa/巴:Nibbāna/犍:Nivana[10]的音寫,提洹竭為梵:Dīpaṃkara/巴:Dīpaṅkara/犍:Divaṃkara[11]的音寫,釋提洹因為梵:Śakra devānāṃ indra/巴:Sakka devānaṃ inda/犍:Śakra devaṇa iṃdra[12]的音寫。根據《洪武正韻》,洹有兩種音,一為「胡官切」(ㄏㄨㄢˊ/huán),一為「于權切」(ㄩㄢˊ/yuán)[13]。《一切經音義》對「泥洹」、「祇洹」之「洹」的標音則為「活官反」、「胡官反」(王力系統的中古音擬音,「胡官切」為/ɣuɑn/,「雨元切」為/ɣǐwɐn/)[14][15][16]。又「洹」、「桓」兩字經常混寫,如釋提洹因或寫作釋提桓因、祇洹或寫作祇桓。那體慧指將以v-開頭的印度音節,音寫為中文,給古代中國的佛典翻譯者帶來挑戰,因為上古漢語中古漢語沒有對應這些音的字。其早期的解決方法,是使用一個前面帶有濁音起始子音(z或ɣ)的字,以之後近似的發音(後漢漢語:ui、ua,早期中古漢語:wi、wa)來音寫vi或va[17]

参考文献

  1. ^ 地名規範資料庫. 祇樹給孤獨園(qí shù jǐ gū dú yuán). 法鼓文理學院佛學規範資料庫. 
  2. ^ 《別譯雜阿含37經》:「爾時,耆陀精舍中有二比丘於僧斷事時,共生忿諍,一小默然忍,一瞋熾盛。」(《雜阿含1108經》:「爾時,祇桓中有兩比丘諍起,一人罵詈,一人默然」)
  3. ^ 耆婆(qí pó). 人名規範資料庫. 法鼓文理學院佛學規範資料庫. 
  4. ^ . 字統網. 
  5. ^ . 字統網. 
  6. ^ . 異體字字典. 
  7. ^ . 異體字字典. 
  8. ^ Jedavana - A Dictionary of Gāndhārī. 
  9. ^ Sodavaṃna - A Dictionary of Gāndhārī. 
  10. ^ nivana - A Dictionary of Gāndhārī. 
  11. ^ Divaṃkara - A Dictionary of Gāndhārī. 
  12. ^ deva - A Dictionary of Gāndhārī. 
  13. ^ . 字統網. 
  14. ^ 祇洹 - 一切經音義. 
  15. ^ 泥洹 - 一切經音義. 
  16. ^ 小學堂中古音. 
  17. ^ Jan Nattier. Glorious Cities and Eminent Clans: On Some Proper Names in Zhi Qian’s Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (Part 2) (PDF). 創価大学国際仏教学高等研究所年報. 2022, 25: 93–118. 
  18. ^ 明贤法师:《楞严经》的缘起- Micro Reading. 中国日报. [2021-11-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-11). 
  19. ^ 覺性之旅朝聖地點一覽. [2018-06-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-18). 
  20. ^ 僧伽羅剎所集經》:「如是世尊於波羅奈國。而轉法輪。初轉此法時。多饒益眾生。即於此夏坐有益於摩竭國王。第二三於靈鷲頂山。第五脾舒離。第六摩拘羅山(白善)為母故。第七於三十三天。第八鬼神界。第九拘苫毘國。第十枝提山中。第十一復鬼神界。第十二摩伽陀閑居處。第十三復還鬼神界。第十四本佛所遊處。於舍衛祇樹給孤獨園。第十五迦維羅衛國釋種村中。第十六還迦維羅衛國。第十七羅閱城。第十八復羅閱城。第十九柘梨山中。第二十夏坐在羅閱城。第二十一還柘梨山中。於鬼神界不經歷餘處連四夏坐。十九年不經歷餘處。於舍衛國夏坐。如來如是最後夏坐時。於跋祇境界毘將村中夏坐。」
  21. ^ 林許文二‧陳師蘭. 佛陀的生命傳奇. 香光莊嚴. 2002-06-20 [2008-10-19]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-07) (中文(中国大陆)). 

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