凡尔赛条约制定了威瑪國家海軍的噸位總上限與持有艦種限制,潛艦在凡爾賽條約的不允許持有清單中。德國為了保存船艦設計知識,在荷蘭開設了掩護機構-船舶建設工程局(英语:NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw),為國外繼續設計凡爾賽條約所不允許設計的艦艇。第一次世界大戰的潛艦戰經驗也被完整傳承,優秀的海軍軍官也持續改良潛艦戰術,這讓納粹德國海軍在第二次世界大战爆發前不只有一批潛艦,還有一群熟習潛艦作戰的人材庫。這使後來納粹德國海軍得以擴張成大规模、高水準的潛艦部隊。納粹德國撕毀凡爾賽條約,擴建海軍的Z計劃是從1935年才定案啟動,無法在短時間創建出一支和英國皇家海軍全面對抗還可取勝的大型海軍,Z計畫也規劃了潛艦量產,因此潛艦重新回到德國造船廠的預定生產清單中,從1935年後進入納粹海軍戰鬥序列。德國在1939年開戰後,支持大型水面艦計畫的埃里希·雷德爾策畫的幾項重要海軍作戰被英國擊敗,希特勒因此更加重視長期耕耘潛艦部隊的卡尔·邓尼茨與他的潛艦部隊。二战结束前,德国共建成1150多艘潜艇[9]。
德國在第二次世界大戰後期在潛艇上加裝專門探測盟軍巡邏機上的搜索雷達的電子設備,這種電子支援裝置(Electronic Support Measurment,ESM)算是近代潛艇裝置電子偵測設備的起源。除了自衛的需求之外,潛艇還可以利用不同的電子支援與偵測裝置進行對敵人的通訊,雷達或者是其他的無線電訊號的監視與搜集。
1934年法國海軍的「速科夫號潛艇(N N 3)」是潛艇搭載艦載機成功但不成熟的例子,「速科夫號」搭載一架「貝松MB.411(Besson MB.411)」水上飛機可拆解收納於指揮塔後方的機庫,後方配有起重機協助起降回收作業。搭載「貝松MB.411」主要目的是作偵查用,但實際上卻很少使用上,甚至機庫常未搭載該機而代作倉庫。「速科夫號」服役時是當時最大的潛艇,全長110公尺,全寬9公尺,除了有專門搭載的艦載機與其機庫外,指揮塔前還裝配了一座應只有水面艦艇才會配上的203公釐連裝炮,並有12具魚雷發射管,並可裝載數艘小艇,水中排水量達4,304噸,因為是潛艇未受當時的華盛頓海軍條約才能有此規格,開發的目的是要斷切敵方海運路線,據說其自恃力可達90天。儘管「速科夫號」有如此驚人的設計,但本身卻極少參戰,不少專家認為該艦本身就大幅欠缺戰術實用性,不論是203公釐連裝炮還是貝松MB.411水上飛機其準備作業都過於複雜且耗時,極難有效展開攻擊,而龐大的艦身並搭載不利潛水的巨炮讓其隱蔽性大減。「速科夫號」最終在1942年2月18日於巴拿馬運河附近沉沒,船員全數罹難,肇因美國與法國最初的調查報告是其在高速航行時被一艘美國貨輪撞上,但後來法國另有一份調查報告認為是受到美國飛機意外的攻擊造成[43]。
汪玉、姚耀中. 世界海军潜艇 第一版. 国防工业出版社. 2006年10月. ISBN 7118045535(中文(中国大陆)).
Gardiner, Robert. Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The steam warship 1815-1905. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1992. ISBN 9781557507747. OCLC 30038068.
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