Die Hunnen im Kampf mit den Alanen [Tr., アラン人との戦いにおけるフン族] (ペーテル・ヨハン・ネポムーク・ガイガー:1873年) 黒海の北と東に住むイラン系であるアラン人は、アジア系フン族に対するヨーロッパ最初の防衛線であった。ローマ帝国を通じて混乱させ入植した。
古典教育制度は数百年にもわたり存続することになり、文法やラテン語、ギリシア語、修辞学を重要視した。生徒は古典作品を何度も読み、この形式を真似て文章を書いた。4世紀までにこの教育制度はキリスト教化された。De Doctrina Christiana(396年-426年)でアウグスティヌスは古典教育が如何にキリスト教の世界観に合致するかを述べた。キリスト教は書物の宗教であったので、キリスト教徒は教養がなければならない。テルトゥリアヌスは「アテネはエルサレムと何をしなければならないか」と問い、古典教育の価値について懐疑的な意見を述べた。しかしテルトゥリアヌスでさえ古典教育の学校にキリスト教徒が入学することに反対しなかった。プラトンの学校など残っていた古典教育の学校は、529年にユスティニアヌス帝により閉鎖され、非キリスト教哲学は一部禁止された。チャールズ・フリーマンは「312年にコンスタンティヌス帝がキリスト教に改宗したのは、確固たる権威の支配に基づく文化に向けてギリシア文明の世界の相対的に開放され寛容で多元論的な文明からローマに移行した」と主張した[34]。この時期から教育には私的で地下に潜った状況は除いて協会公認の教義に合致することが必要かつ強要されたものがあった。
Georges Duby, 1974. The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Centuries (New York: Cornell University Press) Howard B. Clark, translator.
Georges Duby, editor, 1988. A History of Private Life II: Revelations of the Medieval World (Harvard University Press)
Heinrich Fichtenau, (1957) 1978. The Carolingian Empire (University of Toronto) Peter Munz, translator.
Charles Freeman, 2002. The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason (London: William Heinemann)
Richard Hodges, 1982. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600-1000 (New York: St Martin's Press)
David Knowles, (1962) 1988. The Evolution of Medieval Thought
Richard Krautheimer, 1980. Rome: Profile of a City 312-1308 (Princeton University Press)
Robin Lane Fox, 1986. Pagans and Christians (New York: Knopf)
John Marenbon (1983) 1988.Early Medieval Philosophy (480-1150): An Introduction (London: Routledge)
Rosamond McKittrick, 1983 The Frankish Church Under the Carolingians (London: Longmans, Green)
Karl Frederick Morrison, 1969. Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300-1140 (Princeton University Press)
Pierre Riché, (1978) 1988. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne
Richard Southern, 1953. The Making of the Middle Ages (Yale University Press)
Glimpses of the dark ages: Or, Sketches of the social condition of Europe, from the fifth to the twelfth century. (1846). New-York: Leavitt, Trow & company
脚注
^Leonardo Bruni, James Hankins, History of the Florentine people, Volume 1, Books 1–4, (2001), p. xvii.
^ ab南雲泰輔「英米学界における「古代末期」研究の展開」西洋古代史研究 = Acta academiae antiquitatis Kiotoensis (2009), 9: 47-72,2009-12-01
^Hopkins, Keith Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.-A.D. 400)
^Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-35168-8 Originally published as Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (1983), ISBN 0-226-35177-7
^* Davis, Leo Donald. The first seven ecumenical councils (325–787): their history and theology (1990 ed.). Liturgical Press. ISBN0-8146-5616-1, p. 260.
^Kennedy, Hugh (1995). "The Muslims in Europe". In McKitterick, Rosamund, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c.500-c.700, pp. 249–272. Cambridge University Press. 052136292X.
^This surplus would allow the replacement of the ox by the horse after the introduction of the padded horse collar in the 12th century.
^Islam eventually penetrated into Eastern Europe in the 920s when Volga Bulgaria exploited the decline of Khazar power in the region to adopt Islam from the Baghdad missionaries. The state religion of Khazaria, Judaism, disappeared as a political force with the fall of Khazaria, while Islam of Volga Bulgaria has survived in the region up to the present.
^Charles Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason, (London:William Heinemann., 2002), back cover.
^Pierre Riché, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 100-129.
^Pierre Riché, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 307-323).
^en:William Stahl, Roman Science, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr.) 1962, see esp. pp. 120-133.
^Linda E. Voigts, "Anglo-Saxon Plant Remedies and the Anglo-Saxons," Isis, 70(1979):250-268; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).
^Stephen C. McCluskey, "Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy," Isis, 81(1990):9-22; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).
^Stephen C. McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998), pp. 149-57.
^Faith Wallis, "'Number Mystique' in Early Medieval Computus Texts," pp. 179-99 in T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans, eds. Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005).
^ 17th century Ottoman copy of an early 14th century (Ilkhanate period) manuscript of Northwestern Iran or northern Iraq (the "Edinburgh codex). Illustration of Abū Rayhan al-Biruni 's al-Athar al-Baqiyah (الآثار الباقيةة, "The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries"
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